Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY219 > 17: Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health > Flashcards

17: Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health Flashcards

1
Q

Medial prefrontal lobes are involved in…

A

Planning and emotion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Darwin believed that expressions of emotion are…

A

Products of evolution, e.g. threat displays.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Principle of antithesis…

A

Opposite messages are often signalled by opposite movements, e.g. submission and aggression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

James-Lange Theory for emotion…

A
  • The experience of emotion is induced by changes in autonomic behaviour (e.g. pulse increase), which in turn are induced by the emotional event.
  • Emotional experience depends entirely on feedback from autonomic and somatic nervous system activity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory for emotion…

A
  • Believes that emotional experience and emotional expression are parallel, causually unrelated processes. They are both independently excited by the emotional stimuli.
  • Emotional experience is totally independent of such feedback.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Both James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories are wrong…

A
  • Emotion can be experienced independently of both autonomic and somatic feedback.
  • But the feedback of these systems can have an important influence.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sham rage…

A

The disproportionately aggressive responses to touch produced by decorticated cats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Through sham rage, Bard discovered that…

A
  • Hypothalamus has role in producing aggressive responses.

- The cortex’s role is involved in inhibiting such responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome…

A
  • Removal of monkey’s anterior temporal lobes induced inappropriate eating and sexual behaviour, repetitive exploration of familiar objects, and lack of fear.
  • Related to damage to amygdala.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Polygraphy…

A

Lie detector (specifically, emotion detector). Measures ANS responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Control-question technique..

A
  • An interviewing method employed in mock-crime procedures.

- Assumption is that lies are related to increased sympathetic activation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Guilt-knowledge technique…

A
  • Counters obstacles of lie-dectection.

- Observes the reactions of a guilty suspect to actual and contrived details of a crime.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The 6 primary facial expressions…

A
  • Surprise, anger, sadness, disgust, happiness, and fear.

- But may be more, such as embarrassment, contempt, and pride.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Facial Feedback Hypothesis…

A

Putting on a facial expression is more likely to induce that emotion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The two facial muscles that are contracted during genuine/Duchenne smiles…

A
  • Orbicularis oculi - creases around eyes and forehead. Cannot be induced voluntarily.
  • Zygomaticus major - pulls lip corners up. Can be induced voluntarily.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fear conditioning…

A

A response of fear from associating a previously non-threatening conditional stimulus to an unconditionally threatening stimulus via exposure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bilateral lesions to the medial geniculate nucleus blocks…

A
  • Auditory fear conditioning.

- But lesions directly to auditory cortex doesn’t.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Similarly, lesions to the amygdala blocks…

A
  • Auditory fear conditioning.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

There are 2 pathways from the medial geniculate nucleus to the amygdala…

A

1 - Directly from one to the other. Fear conditioning for simple sounds.
2 - Indirectly via the auditory cortex. Fear conditioning for complex sounds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The hippocampus has a role in what type of fear conditioning?

A

Contextual fear conditioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which particular part of the amygdala is involved in conditioned fear?

A

The lateral nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The prefrontal cortex projects to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala to…

A

Suppress conditioned fear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Aggression directed by the alpha male of a colony at a male intruder is called…

A

Social aggression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the usual target site of rat-defensive attacks towards the attacking rat?

A

Face.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Testosterone increases what type of aggression in rats?

A

Social aggression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Human violent outbursts are not aggressive attacks, but…

A

Defensive attacks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Selye attributed the stress response to the activation of the APAC…

A

Anterior-pituitary adrenal-cortex system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

(Selye argued that) Stressors act to release what hormone?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

29
Q

(Selye argued that) In turn, ACTH triggers the release of…

A

Glucocorticoids, which produce most physiological stress responses.

30
Q

What is the most common method for measuring physiological stress?

A

Observing the levels of circulating glucocorticoids.

31
Q

Stressors activate the SNS and trigger the release of what two neurotransmitters?

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
    Just think of drugs and mental disorders… These are key neurotransmitters involved.
32
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the…

A

Adrenal medulla.

33
Q

What is the main assumption of Selye’s theory for stress?

A
  • Both physical and psychological stressors induce the same general stress response.
  • Only one stress response? Oversimplification!
34
Q

Brief stressors generate an increase of what major stress hormone in the blood?

A

Cytokines.

35
Q

Subordination stress…

A
  • When conspecific stress becomes a part of daily life.

- Usually studied in dominance hierarchies (pecking orders).

36
Q

Psychosomatic disorders…

A

Medical disorders that have a psychological cause.

37
Q

Gastric ulcers…

A
  • Lesions to stomach lining and duodenum which can sometimes be fatal.
  • Thought to be psychosomatic, but actual cause is bacteria-related. But stress is associated.
38
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of…

A

The interaction between psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system.

39
Q

Antigens…

A

Protein molecules on body’s surface that have a role in identifying native (body) or foreign cells for the body.

40
Q

The two sub-systems of the mammalian immune system…

A
  • Innate immune system

- Adaptive immune system

41
Q

Innate immune system…

A
  • First line of defence, acting near body entry points.

- Attempts to destroy pathogens (disease-causing agents).

42
Q

Adaptive immune system…

A
  • Activated if innate immune system fails to destroy pathogen.
  • Binds to antigens of foreign cells and destroys or marks them for destruction. Has a memory for foreign cells.
43
Q

Vaccinations work by…

A
  • Exposing a weak version of a virus to the adaptive immune system so that it is safely able to learn and remember virus for potential later infection.
44
Q

Immunisation…

A

Immunity via vaccination.

45
Q

Toll-like receptors…

A
  • Activate the innate immune system.

- So-called because of toll-like structure.

46
Q

Phagocytes…

A
  • Pathogen-destroying cells.

- Contain toll-like receptors which destory pathogens when they bind to them.

47
Q

Phagocytosis…

A

The destruction of pathogens.

48
Q

Phagocytes release cytokines to produce an…

A

Inflammatory responses, and also to attract more phagocytes.
Also activate lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system.

49
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is directed by…

A

T cells (T lymphocytes).

50
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity is directed by…

A

B cells (B lymphocytes).

51
Q

Antibodies…

A

Synthesised by B cells; is a lethal receptor molecule.

52
Q

T-reg cells (regulatory T cells)…

A
  • Combat autoimmune diseases by destroying faulty T cells involved.
53
Q

Autoimmune diseases…

A
  • When T cells mistake body tissue for foreign cells and start destroying it!
  • e.g. multiple sclerosis.
54
Q

What type of stress is beneficial for the INNATE immune system?

A

Eustress. Short, acute stressors.

55
Q

What type of stress is detrimental to the ADAPTIVE immune system?

A

Distress. Long-lasting/chronic stressors.

56
Q

What is a short-term cytokine-induced inflammatory response?

A

Help combat infection.

57
Q

Long-term cytokine release…

A

Detrimental effects to immune system.

58
Q

What effects does stress have on the hippocampus? (2)

A
  • Reduces dendritic branching which reduces later neurogenesis.
  • Disrupts hippocampus-based tasks.
59
Q

Rat pups groomed intensely by their mothers showed a decreased release of what hormone in response to stress in adulthood?

A

Glucocorticoid.

60
Q

Corticosterone is a major type of…

A

Glucocorticoid.

61
Q

Embodiment of emotions…

A

The repetition of motor, autonomic, and neural patterns during emotional experience.

62
Q

Mirror-like system…

A

Mirror neurons are also engaged in the experiencing and seeing of emotion interactively. May be basis for human empathy.

63
Q

Amygdala is more involved in what aspects of fear?

A

The perception of it, rather than the experience.

64
Q

Urbach-Wiethe disease…

A
  • Genetic disorder; calcification (hardening of calcium) of the amygdala.
  • Disables ability to perceive fear.
65
Q

Suppression paradigms…

A
  • A method for studying medial prefrontal lobe activity.

- Exposes participants to unpleasant stimuli and instructs participants to inhibit emotional responses.

66
Q

Reappraisal paradigms…

A
  • Method for studying medial prefrontal lobe activity.

- Participants instructed to change emotional reaction to a picture.

67
Q

Right-hemisphere model for the cerebral lateralisation of emotion…

A

The right-hemisphere has role in emotional processing.

68
Q

Valence model for the cerebral lateralisation of emotion…

A

Right hemisphere: Negative emotion processing.

Left hemisphere: Positive emotion processing.

PSY219 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions