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Unit 7 Anatomy > 2. Embryology of the Gut > Flashcards

2. Embryology of the Gut Flashcards

1
Q

Cephalocaudal and lateral folding of the embryo brings in a portion of the endoderm-lined yolk sac cavity into the embryo to form…?

A

the primitive gut tube

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2
Q

the primitive gut is divided into what 3 parts?

A

foregut, midgut, and the hindgut

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3
Q

The pharyngeal gut is in what part of the primitive gut tube?

A

foregut

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4
Q

Where does the midgut start and end?

A

Start: liver bud
End: junction between the right 2/3 and the left 1/3 of the transverse colon

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5
Q

Structures that are surrounded by viscreal peritoneum are said to be…

A

Intraperitoneal

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6
Q

Structures that are surrounded by parietal peritoneum are said to be…

A

Retroperitoneal

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7
Q

what structure suspends the foregut, midgut, and hindgut from the posterior body wall? Where does this structure attach?

A

The dorsal mesentery

Caudal extent of the esophagus to the hindgut

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8
Q

What anchors the lower esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the duodenum to the anterior body wall?

A

The ventral mesentary

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9
Q

The esophagus originates from the portion of the foregut immediately posterior to the…

A

Pharynx

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10
Q

At approximately 4 weeks of age, what evaginates to form the ventral surface of the foregut?

A

Respiratory diverticula, or lung buds

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11
Q

What separates the foregut into the primordium of the respiratory tract and the esophagus?

A

the tracheoesophageal septum

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12
Q

Defects in the tracheoesophageal septum can lead to…?

A

Esophageal atresia (esophagus just kind of ends) and/or tracheoesophageal fistula (esophagus is branch off trachea)

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13
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary retroperitoneal organs?

A

Primary: develop and remain outside of the parietal peritoneum (ex: esophagus, kidneys, rectum)
Secondary: initially intraperitoneal (and suspended by mesentary) but become retroperitoneal w/ mesentary fusing with abdominal wall (ex: ascending and descending colon)

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14
Q

Atresia of the esophagus prevents normal swallowing of amniotic fluid, resulting in…?

A

Polyhydramnios- excess fluid in the amniotic sac

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15
Q

How and when are the curvatures of the stomach formed?

A

5th week of development, stomach rotates; dorsal aspect (becomes greater) grows more rapidly than the ventral (lesser)

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16
Q

Name the space behind the stomach

A

The omental bursa, aka the lesser peritoneal sac

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17
Q

Apron-like sheath that extends over the transverse colon and small intestine

A

Greater omentum

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18
Q

What envelopes the liver

A

Visceral peritoneum

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19
Q

What connects the ventral mesentery to the anterior body wall?

A

Falciform ligament

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20
Q

What two structures make up the lesser omentum?

A

Made of hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments

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21
Q

Narrowing of the lumen of the duodenum

A

Duodenal stenosis

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22
Q

Complete occlusion of the duodenal lumen

A

Duodenal atresia

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23
Q

What structure forms the ventral duodenum? What structure does this penetrate in the process?

A

Liver bud (hepatic diverticulum) penetrates septum transversum

24
Q

What gives rise to the gallbladder and cystic duct?

A

Cystic diverticulum (growth on ventral duodenum)

25
What is the major erythropoietic organ in the embryo. When does this subside?
Liver | Last 2 mo intrauterine
26
Order errors in liver/gallbladder development from most common to least
Accessory hepatic ducts/ duplication of the gall bladder (asymptomatic) Extrahepatic biliary atresia Intrahepatic biliary duct atresia
27
What forms the pancreas?
Dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds
28
What forms from the fusion of the bile duct with the larger dorsal pancreatic bud?
The uncinate process
29
What forms the main pancreatic duct?
The distal dorsal pancreatic duct and the entire ventral pancreatic duct
30
Accessory pancreatic duct. What develops into it and where does it join the duodenum?
From proximal dorsal pancreatic duct | Joins at the minor papilla
31
What major feature of the pancreas develops in month 3?
Islets of Langerhans
32
When does insulin secretion begin in the pancreas?
Month 5
33
What happens if the two parts of the ventral pancreatic bud don't rotate together?
Forms an annular pancreas, can construct the duodenum
34
What develops into the spleen? And when?
Mesoderm, not gut tube | 5th week
35
What connects the spleen to the left kidney?
Lienorenal ligament
36
What connects the dorsal mesentery with the yolk sac?
Vitelline duct
37
Rapid elongation of the gut and mesentery results in...
The primary intestinal loop
38
Name the parts of the primary intestinal loop and what they give rise to
Cranial limb-> ilium | Caudal limb-> ascending and transverse colon
39
How/where does the primary intestinal loop become the umbilicus?
The physiological umbilical herniation
40
What is the time frame in which the intestines develop outside the body
6-10wk.
41
Describe the process by which the gut re-enters the abdomen
Proximal jejunum first Midgut rotates 180 Cecal bud descends to RLQ, forms appendix
42
Name the types of errors in midgut rotation, and the problem they cause
Non-rotation, reversed rotation, mixed rotations (malrotations) can cause volvulus, a twisted bowel with compromised blood supply
43
Persistent remnant of of vitelline duct that projects into distal ileum. Name it and the problem it can cause
Meckel's diverticulum | Causes vitelline fistula or cyst of it remains open
44
Small protrusion of bowel through the umbilical ring covered by skin
Umbilical hernia
45
Herniation of the bowel and/or viscera through the umbilical ring, covered by thin membrane
Omphalocele
46
Bowel protrudes later to umbilical ring into amniotic cavity with no covering
Gastroschisis
47
What is formed by the terminal portion of the hindgut?
Cloaca
48
What covers the cloaca?
Cloacal membrane
49
Slim diverticulum of the cloaca
Allantois
50
From 4-6 wk, how is the cloaca positioned?
Into a dorsal anorectal canal and a ventral urogenital sinus by the urorectal septum
51
What does the tip of the urorectal septum form?
The perineum
52
What is the anal canal derived from?
Upper 2/3: hindgut | Lower 1/3: anal pit (proctodeum)
53
Abnormal development of the cloaca or urorectal septum can cause
Rectourethral or rectovaginal fistulas
54
Breakdown of cloacal membrane causes
Imperforate anus or anal stenosis
55
Absense of parasympathetic ganglia (neural crest cells) in the bowel wall causes
Congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung disease)

Unit 7 Anatomy (5 decks)

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