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Unit 7 Anatomy > 2. Embryology of the Gut > Flashcards

2. Embryology of the Gut Flashcards

1
Q

Cephalocaudal and lateral folding of the embryo brings in a portion of the endoderm-lined yolk sac cavity into the embryo to form…?

A

the primitive gut tube

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2
Q

the primitive gut is divided into what 3 parts?

A

foregut, midgut, and the hindgut

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3
Q

The pharyngeal gut is in what part of the primitive gut tube?

A

foregut

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4
Q

Where does the midgut start and end?

A

Start: liver bud
End: junction between the right 2/3 and the left 1/3 of the transverse colon

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5
Q

Structures that are surrounded by viscreal peritoneum are said to be…

A

Intraperitoneal

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6
Q

Structures that are surrounded by parietal peritoneum are said to be…

A

Retroperitoneal

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7
Q

what structure suspends the foregut, midgut, and hindgut from the posterior body wall? Where does this structure attach?

A

The dorsal mesentery

Caudal extent of the esophagus to the hindgut

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8
Q

What anchors the lower esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the duodenum to the anterior body wall?

A

The ventral mesentary

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9
Q

The esophagus originates from the portion of the foregut immediately posterior to the…

A

Pharynx

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10
Q

At approximately 4 weeks of age, what evaginates to form the ventral surface of the foregut?

A

Respiratory diverticula, or lung buds

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11
Q

What separates the foregut into the primordium of the respiratory tract and the esophagus?

A

the tracheoesophageal septum

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12
Q

Defects in the tracheoesophageal septum can lead to…?

A

Esophageal atresia (esophagus just kind of ends) and/or tracheoesophageal fistula (esophagus is branch off trachea)

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13
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary retroperitoneal organs?

A

Primary: develop and remain outside of the parietal peritoneum (ex: esophagus, kidneys, rectum)
Secondary: initially intraperitoneal (and suspended by mesentary) but become retroperitoneal w/ mesentary fusing with abdominal wall (ex: ascending and descending colon)

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14
Q

Atresia of the esophagus prevents normal swallowing of amniotic fluid, resulting in…?

A

Polyhydramnios- excess fluid in the amniotic sac

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15
Q

How and when are the curvatures of the stomach formed?

A

5th week of development, stomach rotates; dorsal aspect (becomes greater) grows more rapidly than the ventral (lesser)

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16
Q

Name the space behind the stomach

A

The omental bursa, aka the lesser peritoneal sac

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17
Q

Apron-like sheath that extends over the transverse colon and small intestine

A

Greater omentum

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18
Q

What envelopes the liver

A

Visceral peritoneum

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19
Q

What connects the ventral mesentery to the anterior body wall?

A

Falciform ligament

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20
Q

What two structures make up the lesser omentum?

A

Made of hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments

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21
Q

Narrowing of the lumen of the duodenum

A

Duodenal stenosis

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22
Q

Complete occlusion of the duodenal lumen

A

Duodenal atresia

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23
Q

What structure forms the ventral duodenum? What structure does this penetrate in the process?

A

Liver bud (hepatic diverticulum) penetrates septum transversum

24
Q

What gives rise to the gallbladder and cystic duct?

A

Cystic diverticulum (growth on ventral duodenum)

25
Q

What is the major erythropoietic organ in the embryo. When does this subside?

A

Liver

Last 2 mo intrauterine

26
Q

Order errors in liver/gallbladder development from most common to least

A

Accessory hepatic ducts/ duplication of the gall bladder (asymptomatic)
Extrahepatic biliary atresia
Intrahepatic biliary duct atresia

27
Q

What forms the pancreas?

A

Dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds

28
Q

What forms from the fusion of the bile duct with the larger dorsal pancreatic bud?

A

The uncinate process

29
Q

What forms the main pancreatic duct?

A

The distal dorsal pancreatic duct and the entire ventral pancreatic duct

30
Q

Accessory pancreatic duct. What develops into it and where does it join the duodenum?

A

From proximal dorsal pancreatic duct

Joins at the minor papilla

31
Q

What major feature of the pancreas develops in month 3?

A

Islets of Langerhans

32
Q

When does insulin secretion begin in the pancreas?

A

Month 5

33
Q

What happens if the two parts of the ventral pancreatic bud don’t rotate together?

A

Forms an annular pancreas, can construct the duodenum

34
Q

What develops into the spleen? And when?

A

Mesoderm, not gut tube

5th week

35
Q

What connects the spleen to the left kidney?

A

Lienorenal ligament

36
Q

What connects the dorsal mesentery with the yolk sac?

A

Vitelline duct

37
Q

Rapid elongation of the gut and mesentery results in…

A

The primary intestinal loop

38
Q

Name the parts of the primary intestinal loop and what they give rise to

A

Cranial limb-> ilium

Caudal limb-> ascending and transverse colon

39
Q

How/where does the primary intestinal loop become the umbilicus?

A

The physiological umbilical herniation

40
Q

What is the time frame in which the intestines develop outside the body

A

6-10wk.

41
Q

Describe the process by which the gut re-enters the abdomen

A

Proximal jejunum first
Midgut rotates 180
Cecal bud descends to RLQ, forms appendix

42
Q

Name the types of errors in midgut rotation, and the problem they cause

A

Non-rotation, reversed rotation, mixed rotations (malrotations) can cause volvulus, a twisted bowel with compromised blood supply

43
Q

Persistent remnant of of vitelline duct that projects into distal ileum. Name it and the problem it can cause

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

Causes vitelline fistula or cyst of it remains open

44
Q

Small protrusion of bowel through the umbilical ring covered by skin

A

Umbilical hernia

45
Q

Herniation of the bowel and/or viscera through the umbilical ring, covered by thin membrane

A

Omphalocele

46
Q

Bowel protrudes later to umbilical ring into amniotic cavity with no covering

A

Gastroschisis

47
Q

What is formed by the terminal portion of the hindgut?

A

Cloaca

48
Q

What covers the cloaca?

A

Cloacal membrane

49
Q

Slim diverticulum of the cloaca

A

Allantois

50
Q

From 4-6 wk, how is the cloaca positioned?

A

Into a dorsal anorectal canal and a ventral urogenital sinus by the urorectal septum

51
Q

What does the tip of the urorectal septum form?

A

The perineum

52
Q

What is the anal canal derived from?

A

Upper 2/3: hindgut

Lower 1/3: anal pit (proctodeum)

53
Q

Abnormal development of the cloaca or urorectal septum can cause

A

Rectourethral or rectovaginal fistulas

54
Q

Breakdown of cloacal membrane causes

A

Imperforate anus or anal stenosis

55
Q

Absense of parasympathetic ganglia (neural crest cells) in the bowel wall causes

A

Congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung disease)

Unit 7 Anatomy (5 decks)

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