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ASCP Chemistry Exam Prep > (2) Electrolytes, Minerals, & Gasses > Flashcards

(2) Electrolytes, Minerals, & Gasses Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolically produced acids include…

A

CO2

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2
Q

Examples of nonvolatile acids include…

A

Uric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid.

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3
Q

Metabolically produced acids cannot be removed via the lungs, so they but be excreted through…

A

The kidney.

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4
Q

Why do blood and tissues contain buffer systems?

A

To minimize changes in hydrogen concentration.

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5
Q

With excess acid, H combines with what to form H2CO3?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3).

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6
Q

When base is added to carbonic acid, it will combine with OH to form what?

A

Water and bicarbonate.

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7
Q

Reference range of pH.

A

7.35 to 7.45

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8
Q

Carbonic acid isn’t able to be quantified directly, so we measure…

A

PCO2; includes dissolved CO2.

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9
Q

Normal Plasma PCO2.

A

~40 mmHg

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10
Q

Normal bicarbonate concentration.

A

~24 mmol/L

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11
Q

The laboratory can assess acid-base status of a patient by measuring…

A

Blood pH, PCO2, and/or [HCO3].

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12
Q

The laboratory can measure 2 of 3 of pH, PCO2, or HCO3, and use what equation to measure the third?

A

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

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13
Q

How is pH and [HCO3] effected by acidosis?

A

Decreased.

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14
Q

How is pH and [HCO3] effected by acidosis?

A

Decreased.

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15
Q

Metabolic acidosis are categorized by the presence or absence of…

A

Anion gap and osmolal gap.

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16
Q

What equation is used to calculate the anion gap?

A

Anion gap=[Na] - [Cl] - [HCO3]

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17
Q

What equation is used to calculate the osmolal gap?

A

Osmolal gap = osm(measured) - (2[Na] + [glucose]/18 + [BUN]/2.8)

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18
Q

Normal anion gap.

A

<12

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19
Q

Normal osmolal gap.

A

<10

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20
Q

Metabolic alkalosis are disorders characterized by…

A

Chloride responsiveness or resistance.

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21
Q

Respiratory acidosis results from any impairment to…

A

Ventilation.

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22
Q

Respiratory acidosis causes include those directly affecting the lungs, these conditions include…

A

Airway obstruction, alveolar infiltrates, perfusion defects.

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23
Q

Respiratory alkalosis most often results from what condition?

A

Hypoxia (low blood oxygen levels).

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24
Q

Compensatory hyperventilation leads to…

A

Hypocapnea (low blood CO2 levels).

25
Q

Reference range for pCO2.

A

35 - 45 mmHg

26
Q

Reference range pO2.

A

80 - 100 mmHg

27
Q

Reference range of HCO3.

A

22 - 26 mmol/L.

28
Q

Reference range for TCO2 (Total CO2).

A

23 - 27 mmol/L.

29
Q

Reference range of O2 saturation.

A

94% - 100%

30
Q

Reference range of base excess.

A

-2 to +2.

31
Q

The difference in CO2 concentration between cytoplasm and plasma results in diffusion from tissues into cells and the formation of…

A

Carbonic Acid.

32
Q

Dissociation in plasma is very slow but is much faster in cells due to which enzyme?

A

Carbonic Anhydrase.

33
Q

Which cells have the highest concentrations of carbonic anhydrase?

A

RBCs and renal cells.

34
Q

Within the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood forming…

A

Oxyhemoglobin

35
Q

Describe the isohydric shift.

A

CO2 is exhaled and Hydrogen is buffered resulting in minimum change in pH.

36
Q

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen depends on…

A

Temperature, pH, pCO2, and [2,3-DPG].

37
Q

The kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate in the…

A

Proximal convoluted tubules.

38
Q

What causes sodium reabsorption and exchanges it with either potassium or hydrogen ions?

A

Aldosterone.

39
Q

Renal cells are rich in ___ which removes amino group from glutamic acid and converts it into ammonia.

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase.

40
Q

Arterial blood pH reference range.

A

7.35 - 7.45.

41
Q

Venous blood pH reference range.

A

7.32 - 7.42.

42
Q

Chloride shifting occurs when the concentration of ___ in RBCs is greater than in plasma during the buffering process, ___diffuses out.

A

Bicarbonate.

43
Q

Why does the chloride shift occur?

A

To maintain electrical neutrality.

44
Q

When is chloride able to diffuse back into RBCs following a chloride shift?

A

When excess CO2 is expelled from the lungs.

45
Q

Define acidemia.

A

Arterial pH <7.35.

46
Q

Define alkalemia.

A

Arterial pH >7.45.

47
Q

Define respiratory acidosis.

A

Insufficient elimination of CO2 by the lungs (hypoventilation). Compensation involves altered renal handline of bicarbonate.

48
Q

Define respiratory alkalosis.

A

Excessive elimination of CO2 by the lungs (hyperventilation). Compensation involves altered renal handling of bicarbonate.

49
Q

Define Metabolic acidosis/alkalosis.

A

Excessive intake of, excessive production of, or too little renal elimination of an acid or a base. The primary change is in bicarbonate. Compensation involves alterations in pulmonary handling of CO2.

50
Q

Define simple acid/base disorder.

A

A primary acid-base disturbance and associated compensation.

51
Q

Define a complex acid/base disorder.

A

There is more than 1 primary acid-base disturbance.

52
Q

Normal rate of base to acid.

A

~20:1.

53
Q

Base excess is a calculated parameter which describes…

A

Excess or deficit of base or bicarbonate.

54
Q

Decreased base excess is an indicator of…

A

Metabolic acidosis.

55
Q

Increased base excess is an indicator of…

A

Metabolic Alkalosis.

56
Q

What type of puncture is required for PO2 measurement?

A

Arterial.

57
Q

When collecting a blood gas sample, the phlebotomist must not place a…

A

Tourniquet.

58
Q

What is the only anticoagulant that must be used for blood gases?

A

Heparin.

59
Q

What does freezing the sample after collection do?

A

Impedes WBC metabolism.

ASCP Chemistry Exam Prep (10 decks)

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