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Genetics > 2. DNA, RNA, Protein > Flashcards

2. DNA, RNA, Protein Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA, RNA? What does it stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid - stores genetic info in its sequence
Ribonucleic acid - decodes that genetic info into instructions for building proteins

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2
Q

What is DNA made up of? What are nucleotide?

A

DNA is a polymer - repitition of monomer, has nucleotides are building blocks for proteins in a polynucleotide
Nucleotide - phosphate group, sugar - deoxyribose, nitrogenous base

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3
Q

What are the four types of nucleotides of DNA? RNA? Who pairs with who?

A

A- Adenine + T- Thymine
G- Guanine + C- Cytosine

RNA is same but replace t with u

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4
Q

What structure is DNA?

A

Double helix
alternating sugar + phosphate groups form the sides
phosphate of one nucleotide links to the sugar of adjacent nucleotide

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5
Q

What is base pairing? What does it do

A

a+t, c+g
Pairing prods weak attractive forces btw oppo bases that holds the polynucleotide chains together with hydrogen bonds
base pairing occurs when the two polynucleotide chains are lined up in oppo directions - anti-parallel

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6
Q

How is DNA packaged?

A

DNA associates with proteins to formc hromosomes
DNA double helix coils around histone proteins called nucleosome and further folds into a thicker fiber
additional packaging achieves chr structure for mitosis/meiosis via supercoiling

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7
Q

How does DNA replication work?

A

before cell devision, DNA must be copied to provide each daughter cell w/ the entire genome. Reqs extensive and accurate DNA replication - key resides in complementary base pairing
strands separate and act as template to prod complementary strand. 2 new molecules identical to the first are produced (each has 1 strand from the OG one, and 1 new strande)
semi-conservative replication

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8
Q

Is DNA conservative replication?

A

Semi-conservative

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9
Q

What is the central dogma of info flow?

A

DNA -> RNA -> ProteinW

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10
Q

What is transcription?

A

coded info within DNA is copied into a complementary RNA sequenceWhat

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11
Q

What is translation?

A

RNA associated w/ ribosomes
synthesis of encoded protein molecule

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12
Q

Where is DNA located and where is protein synthesis occurring? How is information transferred?

A

dna and site of protein synth are physically separated.
DNA loc in nucleus
info carrier is RNA
protein sythn occurs @ ribosomes within cytoplasm

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13
Q

Are chromosomes usually in a super coiled state?

A

no

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14
Q

What is the purpose of genetic material?

A

genes contain info for production of specific protein. directly/indirectl leads to expression of particular phenotype
purpose is to encode the prod of proteins in/at the correct cell, time, and amount

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15
Q

Is coat color an ex of phenotype

A

yes?

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16
Q

Are nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA

A

yes?

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17
Q

DNA replication is conservative

A

no, semi-conservatiev

18
Q

What is RNA?

A

a polymer of nucleotides
suger is ribose
bases are A, G, C, U. Uracil pairs with A
RNA found in single strand form in shorter sequences

19
Q

How is RNA produced via transcription?

A

rna is produced similar to DNA
DNA template strand used for synth of a complementary mRNA strand

20
Q

What is mRNA? What does it do?

A

info carrier from DNA to ribosome
mRNA nucleotide sequence represents instructions for assembly of a precise amino acid sequence
acts as an intermediate gene expression product

21
Q

What are proteins in regards to genetics?

A

proteins are polymers of AA chains
20 diff AAs are found within proteins
each diff protein has a specific AA sequence

22
Q

define polypeptide

A

a single chain of AAs

23
Q

define protien

A

a functional unit composed of one or more polypeptides in a 3-D shape

24
Q

What are the 4 levels of proteins? Explain them

A
  1. primary - AA sequence
  2. 2ndary - bend/twist of polypep to repeating patterns
  3. Teriary - 3D shape determined by AA interactions + surrounding enviro
  4. Quaternary - 2+ polypeps bind to form functional proteins
25
Q

How does information flows from genes to protein?

A

a gene comprises a linear sequence of nucleotide pairs
a protein is linear sequence of AAs
the nucleotide sequence determines, and correlates w/ AA sequence - each consecutive 3 nucleotide set specifies a single AA of the encoded protein. 3 nucleotides code 1 AA

26
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

specifies the relationship btw the nucleotide seuqence and the AA sequence
each triplet of nucleotides codes for a specific AA - codon
the code is degenerate - AAs are represented by more than one codon

27
Q

How are proteins produced via translation?

A

translation involves coverting the mRNA message into a polypep chain

28
Q

List 3 differences btw DNA and RNA

A

RNA - sugar is ribose
DNA - sugar is deoxyribose

29
Q

How many AAs are there?

A

20

30
Q

How many nucleotides are in a codon?

A

3

31
Q

Considering the components of a
nucleotide, what component always
determines whether the nucleotide will be incorporated into a DNA strand or an RNA strand?

A

Pentose Sugar

32
Q

What is mutation? What does it mean?

A

flow of info from DNA to protein needs to be highly efficient and accurate
mutation = change in genetic material
mutations can be neutral, beneficial or detrimental
a mutation can occur in any cell of the body at any time

33
Q

In regards to mutations, does timing and location matter? What about germ-line cells and somatic cells?

A

timing and loc of mutation is critical to the severity of the effect and to whether the mutation can be passed to offspring
mutations in cells that = gametes (germ-line cells) can be passed to offsprings
must in somatic cells are not passed

34
Q

What is mutation repair

A

severla dozen diff enzymes exist to detect and repair structural alterations to DNA to excise damaged or mismatched nucleotides, fill the gap w/ correct nucleotides and reseal that gap

35
Q

Why do mutations happen?

A

no system is error free
changes can escape detection and repair - DNA may have errors, message in mRNA may be faulty and protein product may be changed

36
Q

What is spontaneous and induced mutations? What are mutagens?

A

spontaneous mutations - result from abnormalities of biological processes
induced mutations - caused by environmental agents that enter cell
Mutagens - chemical substances or physical agents that cause mutations

37
Q

What are the different types of changes in regards to mutations?

A
  1. base sequence is changed - may be no AA change, one AA change or shortened polypeptide
  2. one or more nucleotide are add/removed = frameshift. Comepletly diff AA sequence is produced
38
Q

Explain what cancer is in regards to genetics

A

a dz characterized by uncontrolled cell division. usually acquired that occurs late life

39
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

agents that inc liklihood of developing cancer
-promotes changes in DNA of somatic cells, DNA alterations that affect cell division can lead to cancer

40
Q

In terms of the central dogma, how can mutations affect each stage?

A

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid - 3 nucleo’s = codon and can undergo mutation (misread during replication
TRANSCRIPTION - RNA - single stranded, possibility of misreading during transcription. TRANSLATION - AAs, can insert wrog AA so protein is altered. ASSEMBLY - proteins, enzymes, structural proteins

41
Q

in summary, describe DNA, RNA and Protein

A

info contained in linear DNA sequences, triplet codons for AAs
mRNA carries info from DNA -> ribosomes -> translate the mRNA to AA polypep chain via translation - DNA sequence monitored for changes and changed repairs. undetected and unrepaired changes are mutations (nucleotide substitutions + frameshifts), a mutation can alter AA sequence of port, thus, preventing function

Genetics (8 decks)

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