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ETA 5: NERVOUS SYSTEM > 2: Development of NS > Flashcards

2: Development of NS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the NS?

A

Ectoderm

Trilaminar germ disc:

  1. Ectoderm (Skin and NERVOUS SYSTEM)
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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2
Q

What is the origin of the Notochord?

A

Cells migrating from primitive node + pit

Forms during gastrulation

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3
Q

How are the Neural Plate, Groove and Tube formed? (3 steps)

A
  1. Overlying ectoderm differentiates → Neural plate
  2. Neural plate thickens → lat. edges rise up → midline regresses → Neural groove
  3. Lat. edges meet @ midline → fuse → Neural tube
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4
Q

What are the 2 types of Neural Tube Defects?

A
  1. Cephalic NTD’s
  2. Spinal NTD’s
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5
Q

What is an example of a Cephalic Neural Tube Defect?

A

Anencephaly (Absent brain / skull / scalp)

  • Cephalic end of neural tube fails to close
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6
Q

What is an example of a Spinal Neural Tube Defect?

A

Spina Bifida (2 types)

  1. SB Occulta
  2. SB Cystica
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7
Q

What are the features of Spina Bifida Occulta? (3 things)

A
  1. Failure of inferior neuropore closure
  2. Vertebral arches don’t develop in caudal area
  3. Spinal cord function: NORMAL
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8
Q

What are the features of Spina Bifida Cystica? (2 things)

A
  1. Cyst @ caudal end of spine
  2. Spinal cord function: IMPAIRED
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9
Q

Which type of Spina Bifida has NORMAL spinal cord function?

A

SB Occulta

nOrmal : Occulta

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10
Q

What are the brains ventricles formed from?

A

Neural tube lumen (3 parts):

  1. Telencephalon→ Lat ventricles
  2. Diencephalon → 3rd ventricle
  3. Rhomboencephalon → 4th ventricle
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11
Q

What are the signs of Cerebral Palsy? (3 things)

A
  1. Dyskinesia (invol movements + muscle tone changes)
  2. Athetosis (slow writhing limb movements)
  3. Rigidity

DAR DAR gaddafi innit

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12
Q

What are the effects of Cerebral Palsy? (3 things)

A
  1. Learning difficulties
  2. Epilepsy
  3. Speech, hearing, eye sight difficulties
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13
Q

What are the types of glial cells in the CNS? (4 things)

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal cells
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14
Q

Where are Astrocyte glial cells found?

A

Brain + spinal cord

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15
Q

What are the functions of Astrocyte glial cells? (2 things)

A
  1. Maintain eletrochemical environment for neurons
  2. Help form BBB
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16
Q

What is the function of Oligodendrocyte glial cells?

A

Myelinate neurons in CNS

17
Q

What are Microglia glial cells?

A

MAC like cells

Modulate:

  • Inflammation
  • Cell turn over
  • Cell death
18
Q

What do Ependymal glial cells produce?

A

CSF

19
Q

What are the main parts of a neuron? (8 things)

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Nucleolus
  3. Cell Body
  4. Nissl bodies
  5. Dendrites
  6. Axon
  7. Schwann cells
  8. Nodes of Ranvier
20
Q

What is the main EXCITATORY neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A

Glutamate

21
Q

What are the main INHIBITORY neurotransmitters in the CNS? (2 things)

A
  1. GABA
  2. Glycine
22
Q

What’s the difference between Excitatory and Inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

Excitatory: INCREASES likelihood a neurone will fire an AP

Inhibtory: DECREASES likelihood a neurone will fire an AP

23
Q

What are the 2 types of glutamate (excitatory) receptors?

A
  1. Inotropic
  2. Metabotrophic
24
Q

What are the features of the excitatory Inotropic Glutamate receptors? (3 things)

A
  1. Integral ion channels (embedded in wall)
  2. Increase Na+ and K+ permeabilty
  3. Cause depolarisation → allows more AP’s to fire (Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP)
25
Q

What are the features of the excitatory Metabotropic Glutamate receptors? (2 things)

A
  1. G Protein coupled receptors (GPCR)
  2. Allow changes in IP3 or cAMP levels
26
Q

What are the features of the inhibitory GABA & Glycine receptors? (2 things)

A
  1. Integral Cl- ion channels (embedded in membrane)
  2. Opening channels leads to hyperpolarisation → LESS AP’s firing (Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP))

ETA 5: NERVOUS SYSTEM (18 decks)

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