2. Cells Flashcards
the basic unit of life. they are surrounded by a membrane called the cell membrane. they have various organelles that are responsible for different functions.
cell
An organelle that hold water and solute. in animals, it is small and is called the small —– or —– In plants, it is large and is important to provide structural support. through osmosis, water moves in or in or out of the —–
vauole/vesicle
An organelle that produces energy by photosynthesis. It contains a pigment called chlorophyll,
which is responsible for capturing energy from sunlight.
chloroplast
An organelle that produces protein by linking amino acids together. Proteins are produced by following specific sequences of amino acids, which are dictated by sequences of nucleotides in the
DNA.
ribosomes
Organisms that are unicellular. They lack a nucleus and all other complex organelles. Their DNA is in
the cytoplasm.
bacteria
An organelle that produces energy for the cell, by performing a process called respiration. Through
enzymatic reactions, in the presence of oxygen, glucose is transformed into ATP molecules that are
used as energy, while CO2 and H2O are byproducts of this process.
mitochondria
a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells, serving as the cell’s control center. It contains the cell’s genetic material, including DNA, organized into structures called chromosomes. It regulates gene expression, DNA replication, and coordinates various cellular activities.
nucleus
a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. It consists of two long chains (double helix) of nucleotides twisted around each other. Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sequence of these bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) encodes the genetic information. It is a fundamental molecule for inheritance and the transmission of genetic traits.
DNA
a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA and is found in the cytoplasm of certain bacteria. They can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosomal DNA and often carry genes that provide selective advantages to the host, such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to produce specific proteins. They are commonly used in genetic engineering and biotechnology for the introduction of foreign genes into bacteria.
plasmid
a type of cell that lacks a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.its, genetic material is typically found in a region called the nucleoid, which is not enclosed by a membrane. they have the characteristic of bacteria and archaea. They are simpler in structure compared to eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
prokaryotic cell
group of cells that have similar structure and function, working together to perform specific tasks in the body. In multicellular organisms, they are organized into higher-level structures, such as organs and organ systems, to carry out specialized functions necessary for the organism’s survival and proper function.
tissue
a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions within an organism’s body. they are higher-level structures composed of different types of tissues, and they contribute to the overall physiological functions necessary for the survival and well-being of the organism.
organ
a group of organs that work together to perform specific functions and contribute to the overall functioning of an organism’s body. These systems are organized structures with specialized roles in maintaining homeostasis and supporting the survival and functioning of the organism.
organ system
the process by which particles or molecules spread from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, resulting in a more even distribution. This spontaneous movement occurs due to the random motion of particles and is a fundamental principle governing the movement of substances in various biological, chemical, and physical systems.
diffusion
the overall or total change in position or quantity of something, taking into account all opposing forces or factors. In the context of biology or physics, it often involves the difference between movements in one direction and movements in the opposite direction, resulting in a measurable change or outcome.
net movement
