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B1501 > 2. Cell Struture And Function > Flashcards

2. Cell Struture And Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

A cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms.

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2
Q

When we’re microscopes first invented?

A

In the 1590s.

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3
Q

What happened in 1665 in relation to plant cells and microscopes?

A

Robert Hooke first discovered cell walls as he observed dead oak tree bark cells through a microscope.

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4
Q

Who crafted lenses that aided the visualisation of living cells?

A

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek.

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5
Q

What are the three parameters of microscopy?

A
  1. Magnification
  2. Resolution
  3. Contrast
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6
Q

What is magnification?

A

The ratio of an object’s image size to its actual size.

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7
Q

What is resolution?

A

The measure of clarity of an image.

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8
Q

What is contrast?

A

The difference in brightness between light and dark area of an image.

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9
Q

What is Cell Fractionation?

A

A useful technique for studying cell structure and function by the separation of major organelle and other sub cellular structures from one another.

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10
Q

What is the benefit of Cell Fractionation?

A

It enables researchers to prepare cell components in bulk and identify their functions.

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11
Q

What is the nucleus composed of?

A

The nuclear envelope, nucleolus and chromatin.

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12
Q

What is the Nuclear Envelope?

A

A double membrane, perforated with pores that encloses the nucleus, regulates traffic with cytoplasm and is continuous with the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

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13
Q

What is the Nucleolus?

A

A prominent non-membranous structure in the nucleus involved in the production of ribosomes and the synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

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14
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

A DNA and protein complex that make up eukaryotic chromosomes.

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15
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls all function within the cell and contains most of the genes and hereditary information.

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16
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane?

A

Selectively permeable bilateral of phospholipids which gives structure to the cell.

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17
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

Synthesised rRNA from the nucleus that synthesises proteins. Can be free in the cytosine or bound to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

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18
Q

What is the Cell Wall?

A

Outer layer of the cell that maintain shape, gives rigidity and provides protection for the cell.

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19
Q

What is the Nucleoid?

A

A non-membranous region where the cell DNA is located.

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20
Q

What is Glycocalyx? (Gli-co-cal-icks)

A

Outer coating of many prokaryotes.

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21
Q

What is the Fimbriae (Fim-bree-ee)?

A

Attachments on the surfaces of some prokaryotic cells.

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22
Q

What is the Cytosol?

A

Jellylike, semifluid region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.

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23
Q

What is the Cytoplasm?

A

The interior of the cell.

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24
Q

Name 5 similarities of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells.

A
  1. Organelles are bound by Plasma Membrane.
  2. Cytosol is present.
  3. Contains chromosomes which carry genes in the form of DNA.
  4. Have ribosomes.
  5. Have selectively permeable Plasma Membrane.
25
Q

Prokaryotic cells lack a …?

A

Nucleus.

26
Q

Instead of a nucleus, Prokaryotes have the …?

A

Nucleoid.

27
Q

Greek dissemination of “Eukaryote”?

A

True Nucleus.

28
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Tightly packed, thread like structures that are composed of DNA.

29
Q

What is a Nucleosome?

A

A single sub-unit of chromatin.

30
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

Two symmetrical chromosomal structures formed during the Synthesis Phase (S Phase) that are attached to each other at the centromeres.

31
Q

What is the Endomembrane System?

A

The system responsible for protein synthesis, transport of proteins into membrane and organelle and out of the cell, metabolism, movement of lipids and detoxification of poisons.

32
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Sacs made of membrane that transport material through the endomembrane system.

33
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

An extensive network of membranous tubules and sacs that account for more than half the cell.

34
Q

What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

The section of the Endoplasmic Reticulum that lacks ribosomes and produces enzymes important in diverse metabolic process and synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipids and steroids.

35
Q

What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

The section of the Endoplasmic Reticulum that has ribosomes on its surface and synthesises a variety of proteins as well as forms transport vesicles.

36
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Structure made of flat dis shaped Cisternae that serves as a molecular warehouse for the modification, sorting and packaging of the Endoplasmic Reticulum products.

37
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

Membranous sacs of digestive enzymes that digest food particles.

38
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

The engulfing of smaller organisms or food particles to eat.

39
Q

What is Autophagy?

A

The recycling of intercellular materials by lysosomes.

40
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Large vesicles derived from the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus for general cell maintenance.

41
Q

What is a Mitochondria?

A

A double membranous structure with inner folding that acts as the site for cellular respiration.

42
Q

What is a Chloroplast?

A

A double membranous structure surrounding a fluid stroma, that acts as the site of photosynthesis.

43
Q

What is the Endosymbiont Theory?

A

Prokaryotic cells were engulfed by a eukaryotic cell, remained indigestion and merged into a single cell with its host.

44
Q

What is the meaning of Endosymbiont?

A

Cell living within another cell.

45
Q

What are Peroxisomes?

A

A membrane enclosed organelle with oxidative enzymes that is involved in a host of metabolic processes, resulting in the production of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2).

46
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of fibres that organise structures and activities with cell.

47
Q

What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments and Microfilaments.

48
Q

What are Microtubules?

A

Small hollow tubes made of Tubulin that provide rigidity, aids cell and organelle motility.

49
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Thread like Actin strands responsible for the cell shape and motility.

50
Q

Where are microfilaments commonly found?

A

In the muscle cells.

51
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Coil of protein fibres that provide tensile strength to the cell and anchors organelle.

52
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

Site of origin of Microtubules.

53
Q

What is a centriole?

A

Pair of centrosomes.

54
Q

What is the Cilia and the Flagella?

A

A microfilament extension/appendage on the services of cells that aid in cell motility.

55
Q

Describe the movement of the Flagella.

A

Snake like motion, driving cell in the same direction.

56
Q

Describe the movement of the Cilia.

A

Back and forth motion moving the cell perpendicular to the axis of the cilium.

57
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Protective extra cellular layer of plant cells that provides stability and rigidity to the cell.

58
Q

What is the extra cellular matrix?

A

A sort of “Cell Wall” for animal cells composed of glycoproteins.

B1501 (6 decks)

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