2- Cell Injury Flashcards by The Deen

the 3 causes of cell injury

deficiency - intoxication - trauma

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Def: Lack of substance(s) necessary to the cell

Deficiency

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Type of deficiency: - lack of a specific component/nutrient in food/diet

Primary Nutrient Deficiency

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Examples of Primary Nutrient Deficiency

B3 niacin - Vit C - B1 thiamin

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deficiency in that leads to pellagra, inflammation of skin, Cosal’s necklace, facial lesions, dementia (corn/molasses + alcohol diet)

B3-niacin Defic - “primary”

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Vitamin C deficiency leads to

scurvy

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B1 (thiamin) deficiency leads to

beriberi

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Type of def where component/nutrient in food/diet, but cannot be absorbed

Secondary Nutrient Deficiency

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Vitamin B12 deficiency resulting in

pernicious anemia

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B12 must be combined with _____ to be carried into the blood

intrinsic factor

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B12 function

needed for normal RBC production in bone marrow and normal nerve cell metabolism

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Def: poisoning, toxins, or substance interfering with cell function

Intoxication

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Type of intoxication: gets into the body from outside environment

Exogenous toxins

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examples of Exogenous toxins

Microbes/infections

Chemicals

Overdose

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Type of intoxication: produced inside the body

Endogenous toxins

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Types of Endogenous toxins

Genetics

Ionizing Radiation

Accumulation of metabolic byproducts

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2 types of genetic endogenous toxins

Accumulation of a normal metabolite

Activation of an alternate pathway

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Normally, phenylalanine is converted to

Tryosine

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However, if oxidase is not produced, _____ is not converted

homogentisic acid (an intermediate), aka alkapton

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Homogentisic acid accumulates and is excreted in ____

Urin (looks black)

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Homogentisic acid Can also accumulate in specific tissues leading to ____

Onchronosis

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common site of accumulation of alkapton leading to OA and severe degeneration

Cartilage

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Alkapton can cause ______ of IVD

Calcification

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Alkapton deposited in ears leading to

ears appear blue

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Homogentisic acid (alkapton) is an example of

Accumulation of a normal metabolite

Nonproduction of the enzyme hydroxylase results in a

switch to an alternate pathway

switching to an alternate pathway leads to production of

(Phenylketonuria) phenylpyruvic acid phenyllactic acid phenylacetic acid

Phenylketonuria leads to

serious mental underdevelopment low IQ many can’t walk or talk

Phenylketonuria treatment

don’t eat phenylalanine

Phenylketonuria is an example of

Activation of an alternate pathway

Type of endogenous toxins: Could result in the production free radicals that can destroy cell membranes

Ionizing Radiation

Gout aka

hyperuricemia

2 reasons for gout

Decreased kidney function Increased purine metabolism (diet)

3 Major Gout components

Gouty arthritis Soft Tissue Gout Gouty kidney

Gouty arthritis – uric acid crystal build up in \_\_\_\_

Joints

Gouty arthritis - cells puncture by crystals releasing

inflammation-promoting enzymes

MC site for Gouty arthritis

1st metatarsal (foot)

Soft Tissue Gout – uric acid crystal penetrate the

bursae of mainly the olecranon cartilage of proximal forearm and ears

Soft Tissue Gout leads to tissue \_\_\_\_

bulging

Gouty kidney (symptomatic/asymptomatic)

asymptomatic

Gouty kidney deposits \_\_\_\_\_\_of uric acid crystals in the kidney

Tophus; Tophi

Gouty kidney complication in (time frame)

15-20 years later

Gout can only be treated by

changes in diet

Type of cell injury: physical injury; loss of a cell’s normal structural integrity

Trauma

Types of trauma

Direct contact Hypothermia Hyperthermia Mechanical pressure Microorganisms

type of trauma: destruction of some cells mechanically ex car accident, fight

Direct contact

Direct contact results in

hemorrhage hematoma battle sign (basal skull fracture) raccoon eyes

type of trauma: exposure to extreme low temperature

Hypothermia

Hypothermia results in

Frostbite

Define frostbite

freezing/crystallization of cytoplasmic fluid, causing expansion and destruction of cells and tissues

frostbite makes skin turns \_\_\_\_

black (necrosis) - irreversible

type of trauma: exposure to extreme high temperature

Hyperthermia

Hyperthermia can happen due to

fire radiation electric current

Ionizing radiation can be classified under both _____ and \_\_\_\_\_

Endogenous toxin and Trauma

What happens to the body at temperatures \> 42 °C

protein coagulation occurs, transformation to carbon

type of trauma: cells are crushed as they cannot resist the pressure

Mechanical pressure – “pressure atrophy”,

Examples of Mechanical pressure

Aneurysm High intensity sound Kidney stones Tumor

Tumor results in compression of surrounding structures, causing

destruction or decreased function

what occupy tight spaces within the kidney, gallbladder, etc causing distruction?

Stones

Stones can lead to

Obstruction of urine flow, increasing physical and osmotic pressure, resulting in loss of normal function

Def: pouching of an arterial wall, can rupture causing instant death

Aneurysm

Cerebral vessels aneurysm – most common occurrence, at their \_\_\_\_\_

bifurcation

Aneurysm leads to ______ after vessels rupture

subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke

Aneurysm May be due to

underdevelopment of middle arterial layer congenital weak muscular layers of arteries

cause damage of the sensory receptors of the inner ear, with a permanent loss of hearing

High Intensity Sound (Low frequency)

an cause psychological issues

High Intensity Sound (Low frequency)

what causes malaria (agent)

Plasmodium (protozoa)

Plasmodium malaria (protozoa), carried by

anopheles mosquito

Plasmodium malaria enter RBC’s leading to rupturing RBC's within ____ (time)

2-4 days

Malaria's symptoms:

mass destruction of RBC’s hemolytic anemia fever shaking

Syphilis is caused by (agent)

Treponema pallidum

Syphilis symptoms

high fever, which combats P. malaria

Echinococcus disease aka

Hydatid disease

Echinococcus disease (Hydatid disease) is caused by (agent)

tapeworm parasite

tapeworm enters the body by

eat infected meat (pork) with the worm’s egg

tapeworm body looks like

balloon/cyst

tapeworm form cysts resulting in

pressure atrophy and organ rupture

Echinococcus most common sites (organs)

brain and live