1- Intro Flashcards by The Deen

study of nature and cause of disease, which includes changes, to structure AND function

Pathology

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Bridges the gap between the basic sciences and clinical practice

Pathology

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pathos means

suffering

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logos means

study of

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study of abnormal functioning of diseased organs; subdivision of pathology

Pathophysiology

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The cause of disease or suffering

Etiology

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Influenzal Pneumonia aka

Black or Hemorrhage Pneumonia

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Influenzal Pneumonia etiology

influenza

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Define Influenzal Pneumonia

infectious inflammation of lungs

Influenza = respiratory virus

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Acute Cystitis etiology

Gram-negative Rods, mainly E. coli

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define Cystitis

Dramatic Inflammation of the urinary bladder

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diseases in which the cause is unknown

Idiopathic diseases

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Idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis AKA

bamboo spine

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Define Idiopathic ankylosing spondyliti

Arthritic condition, resulting in the fusion of the spinal vertebrae

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DISH (Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis) aka

Forestier’s Disease Hyperostosis

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Define Hyperostosis

Ossification of the ALL

Hyperostosis = abnormal growth of osseous tissue

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Categories of etiology

Genetic

Congenital

Acquired

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Huntington’s Disease aka

Choreiform syndrome

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Huntington’s Disease etiology

Genetics

Loss of motor function due to loss of neurons

enlargement of ventricles

Degeneration of basal ganglia

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Huntington’s Disease Results in

Chorea and Dementia

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Define Chorea

jerking

involuntary muscles movement ; mainly affects face and extremities

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Define Dementia

progressive mental impairment

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Down’s Syndrome aka

Trisomy 21

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Down’s Syndrome etiology

Genetics

Chromosomal abnormality resulting in mental handicap and a characteristic physical appearance

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Chances if Down syndrome increase with

parental age (older than 35)

Type of etiology: individual’s genes are responsible for a structural or functional defect

GENETIC

Type of etiology: when genetic information is intact, but other factors in the embryo’s intrauterine environment interfere with normal development

CONGENITAL

Toxoplasmosis etiology

Congenital **Toxoplasma gondii** parasite transferred from domestic animals (cat, dog) to human mother, which is then passed to fetus

Toxoplasmosis Causes

birth defects (Teratogenic effects)

Define Teratogenic effect

causes abnormal formation in developing fetus/embryo

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome etiology

Congenital Mother ingests alcohol during pregnancy

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome causes

severe underdevelopment in fetus (Teratogenic effects)

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Highest teratogenic effect in (time line)

The 1st 3 days of pregnancy and 1st trimester

Define Thalidomide

Medication (Pfizer, 1960’s) to **suppress morning sickness** experienced in the **1st trimester**

Thalidomide causes

terrible teratogenic effects missing limbs etc. some born with 1 eye

Thalidomide has no effect on

life expectancy

Type of etiology all other pathologies which, are not genetic or congenital (after birth)

Acquired

Shingles aka

Herpetic Rash

Shingles Etiology

Herpes zoster virus (varicella-zoster virus), which also causes chickenpox

Shingles is triggered by

dramatic suppression of the immune system

Shingles causese

Extremely painful skin rash with redness and blistering, follows dermatomes

Bullous Emphysema Etiology

Acquired smoking

Bullous Emphysema causes Lung consolidation due

rupture and damage of alveoli

Bullous Emphysema Results in

**shortness of breath** and in severe cases can lead to **respiratory and/or heart failure**

Brain Abscess aka

Para-meningeal infection

Brain Abscess Etiology

Acquired Bacterial infection within hair follicle (Staph. aureus or Strep. pyogenes) = Streptodermal (aka: Acne)

Brain Abscess can cause Large cavities in

the brain, surrounded by a membrane

Define Abscess

any collection of pus in the body from pus-forming bacteria (pyogenic)

Compression of pimples (acne) can

destroys the capsule which contains the infection Usually damage/scarring of the skin, but in some cases can be fatal

Infection can enter _____ system, and move to the brain via veins of the face causing a brain abscess

venous

Define symptoms

subjective non-measurable feeling the patient will say they have “pain, headaches, dizziness, heartburn”, terms for what the patient is experiencing

Define signs

objective measurable finding "blood pressure, temperature, respiration rate, etc."

define Syndrome

A collection/group of signs & symptoms associated with a particular disease

define Raynaud’s Syndrome

Vasospastic contractions of distal vessels

Raynaud’s Syndrome phases

1st – contraction of arteries @ fingers/toes = WHITE 2nd – contraction of veins @ fingers/toes = BLUE 3rd – relaxation of vessels and blood returns @ fingers/toes = RED

Raynaud’s Syndrome possible manifestation of

systemic sclerosis or immune-hemolytic anemia

define Sjögren’s Syndrome

Autoimmune, more common in females over 35 yrs Total dryness of mucous membranes due to damage to exocrine glands

Define Xerostomia

dry mouth → due to inflammation of sublingual gland

Define Xerophthalmia

dry eyes → due to inflammation of lacrimal gland

Sjögren’s Syndrome can result in

Rheumatic joint pain (Rheumatoid arthritis) Bilateral parotitis

Define Bilateral parotitis

inflamed parotid glands (hamster appearance)

Sjögren’s Syndrome is Possible manifestation of

systemic lupus erythematous

pattern of development of disease, specific mechanism of disease

Pathogenesis

An illness that develops rapidly and usually of short duration (5-7 days) Ex. common cold

Acute disease

disease that is longer than 1 week, but less than 6 weeks

Sub acute

prolonged on-set long duration, Slow and serious development Duration is greater than 6 weeks

Chronic disease

Local disease

Confined to one organ/region of the body stomach cancer

Systemic disease

involves multiple organs or systems metastasized stomach cancer

Focal damage

Limited to one or more distant sites within a diseased organ one tumor in stomach

Diffuse damage

Uniformly distributed damage within a diseased organ (entire organ is affected) entire stomach is cancerous

identification of the patient’s specific disease

Diagnosis

prediction of a particular disease’s outcome

Prognosis