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PATH3308 > 2 - Cell & Extracellular Matrix > Flashcards

2 - Cell & Extracellular Matrix Flashcards

1
Q

Three key elements for regenerative medicine

A
  • Genes control the program of cell differentiation and proliferation
  • Cells produce various matrix
  • Matrix served as scaffold for cell growth/differentiation
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2
Q

Gastrulation

A
  • Process of formation of intra embryonic mesoderm
  • Starts at 14 days after fertilisation
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3
Q

Extra-cellular matrix

A

Cell derived ECM partially recapitulates the complete biological machinery of native tissue

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4
Q

Application of ECM

A
  • Recreation of cellular niches
  • Stem cell niche
  • Tissue specific niches
  • Engineering ECM in disease (e.g. tumour microenvironment)
  • Engineering and characterisation of CD-ECM to student ECM Physiology
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5
Q

Embryonic ectoderm

A

Epidermis, nervous system, retina of the eye, etc

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6
Q

Embryonic endoderm

A

Endothelial linings

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7
Q

Embryonic mesoderm

A
  • Smooth muscular coats
  • Connective tissues
  • Vessels
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Blood
  • Bone marrow
  • Reproductive and excretory organs.
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8
Q

Organ-genetic period of embryonic development

A
  • 3rd week (5 weeks after the first day of last normal menstrual period)
  • 4 phases : growth, morphogenesis, differentiation, maturation.
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9
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Complex interaction occurring in an order sequence, cell movement and cell transformation (EMT, MET) and program cell death.

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10
Q

Development of skin

A
  • 4 to 5 weeks
  • Epidermis (Derived from surface ectoderm)
  • Dermis (derived from mesoderm)
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11
Q

Development of cartilage after 5 weeks

A

Paraxial mesoderm –> Somites –> Condensation of mesenchymal cells –> Chondrification centres –> chondroblasts

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12
Q

Three types of chondroblasts

A
  • Hyaline
  • Fibro
  • Elastic
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13
Q

Development of bone

A

Membrane sheath –> Condensation of mesenchymal cells –> Vascularisation –> Osteoid matrix deposition

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14
Q

Development of skeletal muscle

A
  • Seven weeks
  • Myotome regions of the somites (mesoderm)
  • Mesenchymal cells
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15
Q

Developmental of smooth muscle

A
  • Somatic mesoderm (vessels smooth muscle)
  • Mesenchymal cells (myoepithelial cells in glands)
  • Splanchnic mesenchyme (around endoderm, other smooth muscle)
  • Remain mononuclear
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16
Q

Development of cardiac muscle

A
  • 4 weeks
  • Lateral splanchnic mesoderm
  • Cardiac muscle fibers arise form single cells
17
Q

Development of PNS

A
  • Neural crest cells
  • Cranial, spinal visceral nerves and cranial, spinal and autonomic ganglia
  • Bipolar of sensory cells
  • Satellite cells
  • Schwann cells
  • Connective tissue outside the capsule.
18
Q

Stem cell niche

A

Refers to a microenvironment, within the
specific anatomic location where stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate cell fate.

19
Q

Epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT)

A
  • process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell–cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells
  • Neural crest
  • Cardiac cushion cells
  • Midline cells of the palate
  • Dermis of the skin
  • Limb musculature
  • Sclerofome
20
Q

Mesenchymal Epithelial transformation (MET)

A
  • Kidney tubules
  • Nephrogenic blastema
  • Endocardium
  • Somities
21
Q

Matrix proteins

A
  • Fibrous structural proteins
  • Specialised proteins
  • Proteoglycans
  • Matrix degrading enzymes
22
Q

Fibrous structural proteins

A

Collagen, laminis, fibronectin, vitronectin and elastin.

23
Q

Specialised proteins

A

Growth factors, small matricellular proteins, small integrin binding glycoproteins

24
Q

Matrix degrading enzymes

A

MMP, serine protease, cysterine protease

25
Q

5 pathways that determine cell transformation

A
  • Growth factors
  • TGF beta
  • B - catenin
  • Integrins
  • Inflammation / NFkB
26
Q

Cell - ECM interactions

A

Integrins and receptors

27
Q

Cell - Cell interactions

A

Eph/ephrin family

28
Q

What is tissue morphogenesis dependent on

A

Changes in either cell shape or oriented cell division and relies on cells exchanging their neighbours

29
Q

Essential components for engineering of regenerative medicine

A

Gene, Cell and Matrix

30
Q

Function of Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)

A
  • Binds to heparitin sulfate, heparin, type IV Collagen
  • Regulates maturation, differentiation, ECM production
31
Q

Functions of cadherin

A

Mediate homophilic interaction during EMT/MET

32
Q

Three types of cadherin

A
  • N-Cadherin
  • E-Cadherin
  • Cadherin’s partner
33
Q

N-Cadherin

A
  • Ill-formed somites
  • Abnormal neural tubes
  • Loosely organised myocardium
  • No EMT
34
Q

E-Cadherin

A
  • MET
  • Trophectoderm fail to form
35
Q

Cadherins partner

A

Catenins (αβ) via phosphorylation

36
Q

Integrins as ECM receptors

A

Heterodimeric trans membrane protein αβ subunits.

PATH3308 (13 decks)

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