2 c Biological molecules Flashcards

2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14

1
Q

What are the 3 main molecules in organisms

A

-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Lipids

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2
Q

Chemical elements of carbohydrates

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

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3
Q

Chemical elements of protein

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen (sometimes others)

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4
Q

Chemical elements of lipids

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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5
Q

What are glucose and fructose

A

Monosaccharides

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6
Q

What happens when glucose is broken down

A

It releases a lot of energy

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7
Q

How are disaccharides made

A

Two monosaccharides joint together

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8
Q

How is maltose formed

A

Two glucose molecules

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9
Q

How is sucrose formed

A

One glucose & one fructose molecule

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10
Q

How is a polysaccharide formed

A

Lots of monosaccharides joint together

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11
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

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12
Q

Why are polysaccharides useful as storage molecules

A

Theyre insoluble

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13
Q

What are most of lipids made up of in the body

A

Triglycerides

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14
Q

What are lipids divided into

A

Fats (solid at room temperature)
Oils (liquid at room temperature)

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15
Q

What are proteins made of

A

Long chains of amino acids

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16
Q

How many amino acids are there

17
Q

Examples of proteins

A

Enzymes, haemoglobin, ligaments & keratin

18
Q

What solution is added to test for glucose

A

Benedicts solution

19
Q

What colour change would be positive for test for glucose

A

Blue to orannge / brick red

20
Q

What is used to test for starch

A

Iodine solution

21
Q

What colour change would be a positive test for starch

A

orange-brown to blue-black

22
Q

What solution is used to test for proteins

A

Biuret solution

23
Q

What colour change would be a positive test for proteins

A

Blue to purple

24
Q

What liquid is used to test for lipids

25
Q

What would form to signify a positive test for lipids

A

Cloudy emulsion

26
Q

Name the safety measures for
-Biuret solution & iodine
-Sodium hydroxide
-Ethanol

A

-Irritants to the eyes
-Corrosive
-Flammable

27
Q

What are enzymes

A

Biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of reaction without being changed

28
Q

Why are enzymes necessary

A

They maintain the reaction speeds of metabolic reactions

29
Q

How are enzymes specified to one particular substrate

A

They have an active site which has a specific shape

30
Q

What is the name when a substrate moves into the active site

A

enzyme-substrate complex

31
Q

What’s the optimum temperature for enzymes

32
Q

What will happen if the temperature is too high for enzymes

A

The bonds that hold the enzymes together will break: Denature

33
Q

What happens during denaturation

A

The active site changes shape, the substrates no longer fit. Its irreversible

34
Q

Why do enzymes work less at lower temperatures

A

The molecules have less kinetic energy so they move slower and there’s less collision

35
Q

What is the optimum pH for most enzymes

36
Q

What happens if the pH is too high or too low for the enzyme

A

The bonds can be disrupted/destroyed; denaturation

37
Q

What are the factors that affect the activity of enzymes

A

-Temperature
-pH