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AS Biology > 2. Biological Molecules > Flashcards

2. Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemical formula of monosaccharides?

A

(CH2O)n

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2
Q

Characteristics of monosaccharides?

A

1) small
2) sweet
3) soluble in water
4) crystalline

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3
Q

Alpha glucose

A

OH below the plane of the molecule

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4
Q

Beta glucose

A

OH above the plane of the molecule

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5
Q

Characteristics of disaccharides? (2)

A

1) formed by a condensation reaction (loss of water) between 2 monosaccharides

2) broken down by a hydrolysis reaction (gain of water)

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6
Q

3 types of disaccharides?

A

1) maltose: alpha glucose + alpha glucose (seeds, fruits)

2) sucrose: alpha glucose + fructose (table sugar)

3) lactose: alpha glucose + galactose (milk sugar)

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7
Q

The bond between 2 monosaccharides forming a disaccharide is?

A

glycosidic bond

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8
Q

Characteristics of polysaccharides? (4)

A

1) several thousand monosaccharides long

2) not sweet, insoluble, crystalline

3) storage and structural molecules

4) easily converted to sugars by hydrolysis

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9
Q

Describe amylose and amylopectin

A

amylose: coiled structure, compact, reactive ends at each end

amylopectin: highly branched structure, reactive ends at the end of each branch

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10
Q

What are reactive ends?

A

enzymes can only attach at reactive ends

less reactive ends = harder to hydrolyse and break down into glucose

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11
Q

Structure of polysaccharide starch? (3)

A

– storage molecule

– polymer of alpha glucose

– made up of 20% amylose, 80% amylopectin

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12
Q

Structure of polysaccharide glycogen? (4)

A

– storage molecule

– NOT amylose and amylopectin

– more highly branched than starch

– 1-4, 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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13
Q

Structure of polysaccharide cellulose? (7)

A

– structural molecule

– polymer of beta glucose

– alternate molecules are rotated 180

– OH groups form H bonds with neighbouring chains

– 60-70 chains form microfibrils (bundles) which form fibres that run in different directions in the cell wall

– high tensile strength, ductile, stretchable

– fully permeable to water and solutes

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14
Q

What is a dipole?

A

an unequal distribution of charge, dipole molecules are also polar

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15
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

a weak bond formed by the attraction between a slightly positive atom and a slightly negative atom

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16
Q

What symbol means ‘slightly’?

A

delta

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17
Q

Characteristics of triglyceride?

A

1) contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

2) non polar

3) insoluble in water

4) soluble in organic solvents (e.g alcohol)

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18
Q

General formula of fatty acids

A

CH3(CH2)nCOOH

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19
Q

At room temperature, fats are ___ and oils are ___ because they have the same chemical composition

A

solids, liquids

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20
Q

Triglycerides are formed of?

A

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

21
Q

What is the bond between the glycerol and the fatty acids?

A

ester bond, formed through condensation

22
Q

What are fatty acid tails?

A

hydrocarbon chains

23
Q

4 functions of proteins?

A

1) enzymes are proteins

2) present in cell surface membranes

3) antibodies are proteins

4) keratin is a protein, present in hair and nails

24
Q

Draw the chemical structure of a protein

A

amine group on the left, NH2

carboxylic acid group on the right, COOH

central carbon atom with one H branching off the bottom

R group at the top

25
Q

What is the most basic R group out of the 20 different types?

A

glycine (a hydrogen)

26
Q

R groups can make acids…(3)

A

1) polar

2) acidic

3) basic

27
Q

What is a peptide bond joining 2 amino acids?

A

loss of hydroxyl (OH) from a carboxylic group, loss of hydrogen atom from amino group, forming a water molecule

28
Q

What is primary structure?

A

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

29
Q

What is secondary structure and which 2 structures can they form?

A

when a polypeptide chain bends back on itself, causing hydrogen bonds to form between hydrogen and oxygen

they form:
1) alpha helix
2) beta pleated sheet

30
Q

What breaks the hydrogen bonds in the secondary structures? (2)

A

– high temperatures

– pH changes

31
Q

What is tertiary structure?

A

3 dimensional coiling of the chain of amino acids

32
Q

What are 4 types of bonds?

A

1) hydrogen bond
– many together can be strong

2) disulfide bond
– strong

3) ionic bond

4) hydrophobic interactions
– stay together because they are repelled by the watery environment around them

33
Q

What is quaternary structure?

A

3 dimensional arrangement of two or more polypeptides

OR

of a polypeptide and a non-protein molecule

34
Q

What is a globular protein and its characteristics (3) ?

A

when polypeptides are folded into a spherical shape

– often water soluble
– metabolically active (e.g enzymes, insulin)
– physiological roles

35
Q

What is a fibrous protein and its characteristics (2) ?

A

forms long strands

– not soluble in water
– structural roles

36
Q

What type of protein is haemoglobin?

A

a globular protein

37
Q

How many polypeptide chains in haemoglobin?

A

4

38
Q

Which 2 types of globin are used to make haemoglobin?

A

alpha globin, makes alpha chains
beta globin, makes beta chains

39
Q

What is a haem group?

A

present in each of the 4 polypeptide chains in haemoglobin, each haem group has an iron atom which binds with an oxygen molecule

40
Q

How is the haem group responsible for the colour of haemoglobin?

A

if the iron atom is combined with the oxygen molecule:
bright red

if not combined:
dark bluish red

41
Q

What is sickle cell anaemia?

A

an inherited genetic disorder, caused by a faulty gene coding in haemoglobin that causes it to precipitate when oxygen concentrations are low, can affect any of the major organs

42
Q

What type of protein is collagen?

A

a fibrous protein

43
Q

How many polypeptide chains are in collagen, and in what shape?

A

3, helix shape

44
Q

Which amino acid is found in collagen molecules?

A

glycine, found on the insides of the strands; its small size allows the 3 strands to lie close together and form a tight coil

45
Q

What is the structure of collagen fibres?

A

Covalent bonds form between the helixes lying next to each other, forming fibrils, which have staggered ends to prevent weak spots. These fibrils form fibres.

46
Q

What is an advantage of collagen?

A

it is flexible yet has high tensile strength; can withstand intense pulling forces

47
Q

What is water?

A

a universal solvent

48
Q

What are the characteristics of water?

A

– forms hydrogen bonds to other water molecules, makes it difficult to separate molecules

– high specific heat capacity, resistant to changes in temperatures

– high latent heat of vaporisation

49
Q

What are the functions of water?

A

– is a medium for molecules and ions to mix in

– a transport medium because molecules and ions dissolve in water

– stable habitats for aquatic organisms

– evaporation used as a cooling mechanism

AS Biology (6 decks)

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