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AS Biology > 1. Cell Structure > Flashcards

1. Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

A millimetre is 1x10^?

A

1x10^ -3

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2
Q

A micrometre is 1x10^?

A

1x10^ -6

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3
Q

A nanometre is 1x10^?

A

1x10^ -9

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4
Q

What is an eyepiece graticule?

A

a small, transparent scale of 100 divisions that can be placed in a microscope eyepiece to measure cells and organelles

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5
Q

What is a stage micrometer?

A

a mini, transparent ruler engraved on a microscope slide that can be placed on the microscope stage to calibrate the eyepiece graticule

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6
Q

What is resolution?

A

the ability to distinguish between 2 separate objects that are very close together

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7
Q

Higher resolution?

A

greater DETAIL

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8
Q

What is the maximum resolution and magnification of a light microscope?

A

res.: 200nm

mag.: x1500

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9
Q

What is the maximum resolution of an electron microscope?

A

res.: 0.5nm

mag.: x500,000

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10
Q

What is the difference between transmission and scanning electron microscopes?

A

transmission: produces 2D images

scanning: produces 3D images

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11
Q

2 advantages of electron microscopes

A

1) metal stains can be added to highlight key structures

2) the images always come out on computer, so false colour can be added

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12
Q

5 disadvantages of electron microscopes

A

1) specimens must be dehydrated, so only dead specimens can be examined

2) requires a machine (ultramicrotome) that slices the specimen to ensure its really thin; time consuming and not cost effective

3) dull blades on the ultramicrotome can disturb organelles and create artefacts

4) expensive

5) immobile

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13
Q

What are prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryote:
- lacks nucleus and other organelles
- unicellular
- includes bacteria

eukaryote:
- multi-celled organism
- animal and plant cells

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14
Q

Draw and label an animal cell (16 labels)

A

nucleus (nucleolus, nuclear envelope, chromatin), cytoplasm, cell membrane, lysosome, mitochondria, 80s ribosomes, 70s ribosomes in the mitochondria, centriole, golgi apparatus, RER and SER, vesicles, microvilli

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15
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

contains genetic material and controls cell activities

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16
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

manufactures ribosomes, which are made up of ribosomal proteins and rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

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17
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

2 lipid bilayer membranes that provide structure and separate the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is the function of chromatin?

A

consists DNA, proteins, and RNA
used to make chromosomes

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19
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

maintains cell shape and structure, allows transport within the cell, provides cell protection, acts as storage and a site for metabolic processes

20
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

21
Q

What is the structure (3) and function of the lysosome?

A

structure:
1) contains digestive enzymes (such as proteases, lipases and nucleases) called hydrolase, which carries out hydrolysis reactions

2) acidic contents for optimum environment of enzymes

3) enzymes are synthesized on RER and the golgi apparatus delivers them to lysosomes

function: responsible for the breakdown of unwanted substances and structures

22
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

addition of water to break down a covalent bond

23
Q

What is the function and structure of the mitochondria?

A

function: breaks down glucose into ATP, produces energy through cellular respiration

structure: has flattened sacs called cristae

24
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

site of protein synthesis

25
Q

What is the function and structure of the centriole?

A

function: helps chromosomes to separate during cell division by pulling them apart equally to each end of the dividing cell

structure: made from microtubules

26
Q

What is the function and structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

function: modifies and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulums

structure: has flattened sacs called cisternae

27
Q

What is the function and structure (4) of the RER?

A

function: protein synthesis

structure:
1) has flattened sacs called cisternae

2) cisternae is lined with 80s ribosomes

3) it lies adjacent to the nucleus

4) its membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope

28
Q

What is the function and structure of the SER?

A

function: produces and stores lipids, steroids and hormones

structure: has tubular strucutres

29
Q

What is the function of vesicles?

A

transport molecules, secrete substances, digest materials, or regulate the pressure in the cell

30
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

increase the surface area of the cell surface membrane for more efficient absorption or secretion

31
Q

Draw and label a plant cell (20 labels)

A

cell wall, cell membrane, large permanent vacuole, tonoplast, cytoplasm, chloroplast, plasmodesmata, 80s ribosomes, 70s ribosomes in the chloroplast, starch granules

32
Q

Draw and label a chloroplast (8 labels)

A

thylakoids containing chlorophyll which are called grana when stacked, small circular DNA, double membrane, stroma, 70s ribosomes, enzymes for photosynthesis, starch grains

33
Q

What is the diameter of chloroplast?

A

5 micrometers

34
Q

What are plasmodesmata/plasmodesma?

A

small holes in the cell wall that allows nutrients, ions and waste to pass through

35
Q

What is the function and structure (3) of the cell wall?

A

function: provides support and protection

structure:
1) the cell is not an organelle

2) it is made of cellulose and is fully permeable (water can be lost through them)

3) it has small holes (plasmodesma)

36
Q

What is the function (3) and structure (3) of the large permanent vacuole?

A

function:
1) isolates harmful materials

2) maintains cell turgidity

3) pushes chloroplasts to the edge to ensure maximum exposure to sunlight

structure:
1) filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules, enzymes

2) membrane of vacuole known as tonoplast

3) formed from fusion of vesicles

37
Q

What is the middle lamella?

A

a layer that cements together the primary cell walls of 2 adjoining plant cells

38
Q

Draw and label a bacteria (10 labels)

A

cell wall, cell surface membrane, cytoplasm, circular DNA, plasmid, pili, 70s ribosomes, infolding of cell surface membrane, slime capsule, flagellum

39
Q

What is different about the cell wall of bacteria?

A

it is made up of murein/peptidoglycan instead of cellulose

40
Q

The infolding of the cell surface membrane is to create extra surface for which 2 reactions to take place?

A

extra surface area for the attachment of enzymes for respiration

1) biochemical reactions

2) nitrogen fixation – converts nitrogen in the air to nitrogen containing compounds (e.g ammonia) inside the cell

41
Q

What is the function and structure of the slime capsule?

A

function: protects the bacteria from drying out

structure: capsule made of mucilaginous slime

42
Q

What is the function and structure of pili?

A

function: allows bacterium to stick to one another

structure: made of proteins

43
Q

What is the function of plasmid?

A

function: contains genes that provide resistance to antibiotics (e.g pencillin)

44
Q

What is in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells (3)?

A

70s ribosomes, glycogen granules and oil droplets

45
Q

What is the function and structure of the flagella in prokaryotes?

A

function: allows the bacterium to move forward in a corkscrew motion

structure: made of proteins, rigid structure so it does not bend like flagella in eukaryotes

AS Biology (6 decks)

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