2. Biodiversity of Plants Flashcards
1
Q
Name the 4 major plant groups.
A
- Bryophytes
- Pteridophytes
- Gynosperms
- Angiosperms
2
Q
What are Bryophytes?
A
Non-vascular land plants
3
Q
What are Pteridophytes?
A
Seedless vascular plants
4
Q
What are Gymnosperms?
A
Pollen and ‘naked’ seeds
5
Q
What are Angiosperms?
A
Flowers and fruit
6
Q
Give 4 features of Kingdom Plantae
A
- Multicellular
- Eukaryotic
- Cell walls made of cellulose
- Autotrophic with chloroplasts for photosynthesis
7
Q
Name the 2 generations within a life cycle.
A
- Diploid
- Haploid
8
Q
What is a Diploid?
A
Spore producing generating called sporophyte
9
Q
What is a Haploid?
A
Gamete producing generation called gametophytes
10
Q
What are the 4 characteristics used to place a plant into 1 of 4 groups.
A
- Presence/absence of true conducting tissues
- Presence/absence of true roots,stems and leaves.
- Type of reproduction+ structure formed
- Degree of dependence on water for reproduction
11
Q
Where are Bryophytes found?
A
Damp,shady areas
12
Q
Give 5 characteristics of Bryophytes.
A
- No vascular tissue
- No true roots, stems, leaves=thallus
- Reproduce by spores
- Depend on water
- Gametophyte generation
13
Q
Where are Pteridophytes found?
A
Warm, damp, shady areas
14
Q
Give 5 characteristics of Pteridophytes?
A
- Present vascular tissue
- True roots,stems, leaves
- Reproduce by spores
- Don’t depend on water
- Sporophyte generation
15
Q
Give 4 examples of Gymnosperms.
A
- Cycads
- Gingko biloba
- Welwitchia
- Pine trees
16
Q
Give 6 characteristics of Gymnosperms.
A
- Present vascular tissue
- True roots,stems, leaves
- Naked seeds in cone
- Don’t depend on water
- Sporophyte generation
- Spermatophyte
17
Q
Give 6 characteristics of Angiosperms.
A
- Present vascular tissue
- True roots,stems, leaves
- Flowers+fruit protect seeds
- Don’t depend on water
- Sporophyte generation
- Spermatophyte
18
Q
What plant is least adapted to dry conditions?
A
Bryophtes
19
Q
Provide 5 reasons why Bryophytes are least adapted to dry conditions.
A
- No cuticle, no vascular tissue
- Plant body=thallus
- Gametophyte
- Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte for food and water.
- Male gametes= motile, require water to swim to female gamete
20
Q
What is dessication?
A
Drying ou
21
Q
Give 3 reasons why Pteridophytes are dependent on water.
A
- Leaves with cuticle to prevent dessication,
- Vascular tissue to transport food and water.
- Sporophyte generation
22
Q
Give 4 reasons why Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are well adapted to life on land.
A
- Leaves with cuticle
- True roots, stems, leaves
- Embryo enclosed in seed to prevent dessication
- Pollen grains to protect and transfer sperm cells.
23
Q
What is Asexual reproduction known as?
A
Vegetative reproduction
24
Q
What is Asexual reproduction?
A
Offspring identical to each other and their parents.
25
Give 4 advantages of Asexual reproduction.
- Large no. of offspring
- Low energy expenditure as gametes produced.
- Identical offspring
- Don't rely on pollinators/agents
26
Give 3 disadvantages of Asexual reproduction.
- No genetic variatian=all die
- All share same weak characteristics
- Rapid multiplication= overpopulation
27
What is Sexual reproduction?
- Gametes are formed
- 1 sperm cell fertilises egg= zygote=adult
28
Give 3 advantages of Sexual reproduction.
- Genetic variation
- Low chance of inheriting weak characteristics
- Zygote survives in unfavourable conditions
29
Give 4 disadvantages of Sexual reproduction.
- Process is longer (gamete formation)
- Fewer offspring= low chance of survival
- Low energy expenditure
- Rely on pollinating agents
30
What are the 4 whorls of a Dicotyledonouse flower?
- Calyx
- Corolla
- Androecium(male)- stamen
- Gynoecium(female)- pistil
31
What is part of the Perianth in a Dicotyledonouse flower?
Calyx and Corolla
32
What are the 3 whorls of a Monocotyledonouse flower?
- Perianth
- Androecium
- Gynoecium
33
What is the Perianth in a Monocotyledonous flower?
- Not differentiated into calyx and corolla- perigone
34
Provide the definition of Pollination.
- Transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of the same flower of stigma of different flower of same species.
35
Name the 2 types of Pollination.
Self-pollination and Cross-pollination
36
Explain Self-pollination.
- Pollen is transferred between flowers of same plant or anther and stigma of same flower.
37
Explain Cross-pollination.
Pollen is transferred from flower of one plant to flower of another plant of same species.
38
Explain Fertilisation.
- Fusion of sperm and egg cell to form zygote.
- Within ovule inside ovary
- Zygote becomes embryo of seed
- Ovule containing embryo becomes seed
- Ovary becomes fruit
39
What is Seed dispersal?
Fruit matures and release seed(s)
40
How are seeds dispersed?
Wind, water, insects, mammals and birds
41
Explain Germination.
- Seeds germinate in favourable conditions
- Testa(seed coat) breaks and radicle and plumule of young plant emerges.
- Radicle gives rise to root system
- Plumule gives rise to shoot system and leaves
- Cotyledons act as food and function as leaves until mature leaves appear.
42
Give 4 differences between a Monocot and Dicot.
Monocot: single cotyledon, long narrow leaf w parallel veins. vascular bundles scattered, floral parts in multiples of 3.
Dicot: two cotyledon, broad lead w network of veins, vascular bundles in ring, floral parts in multiples of 4/5.
43
What is a Seed bank?
Facility to store seeds of both crop plants and wild crops.
44
What are the purpose of Seed banks?
- Ensure that they don't become extinct and that biodiversity is maintained.
45
How are seeds stored at a Seed bank?
- Temp. below freezng point.
- Before frozen, dried to prevent bacteria/fungi causing rot
46
Name the 3 different pollination agents.
- Wind
- Insect
- Bird
47
Give 3 examples of Wind pollinated flowers.
- Maize
- Grasses
- Poplar
48
Give 5 characteristics of Wind pollinated flowers.
- Flowers small,green, no showy petals, no nectar, reduced scent.
- Large amounts of pollen
- Pollen grains light, smooth and dry.
- Filaments long and thin
- Stigmas large, sticky and feathery.
49
Give 2 examples of Insect pollinated flowers.
- Sunflowers
- Daisies
50
Give 5 characteristics of Insect pollinated flowers.
- Flowers brightly coloured
- Flowers large
- Pleasant smell=bees/ butterflies. Unpleasant= flies
- Special marking to lead insects to nectar
- Pollen grains sticky/rough surface
51
Give 2 examples of Bird pollinated flowers.
- Aloe
- Strelitzia
52
Give 5 characteristics of Bird pollinated flowers.
- Tube shaped
- Bright red and yellow
- No scent
- Nectaries
- Sturdy landing platforms
53
Give 4 differences between Pollinator and Wind pollinated flowers.
Pollinator: colourful flower, stamen inside flower, pollent sticky/rough, strong scent.
Wind: flower small+ inconspicuous, stamen protrude, tons of dry/smooth pollen, no scent
54
Provide the definition of Sori.
Cluster of sporangia found on underside of fern leaves containing spores.
55
Provide the definition of a Seed.
- Structure into which fertilised ovule developed.
56
Provide the definition of Haploid.
Cell with one set of chromosomes.
57
Provide the definition of Diploid.
Cell with double set of chromosomes.
58
Provide the definition of Asexual reproduction.
Doesn't involve fusion of male and female gametes.
59
Provide the definition of Sexual reproduction.
- New individuals are formed as a result of fertilisation of gametes.
