1. Biodiversity and Classification of Micro-organisms Flashcards
1
Q
Give 3 reasons why a Virus is considered non-living.
A
- Doesn’t respire
- Form crystals and survives like this.
- Can’t reproduce outside body of host.
2
Q
Give a reason why a Virus is considered living.
A
Reproduce within cells of living organism.
3
Q
Provide 3 basic structures of a Virus.
A
- Very small
- Non-cellular, acellular
- Core of DNA/RNA surrounded by protein coat.
4
Q
Give 4 examples of viral diseases.
A
- Measles
- Polio
- Chicken pox
- Cold
5
Q
How is Rabies spread?
A
- Saliva from 1 animal to another.
- Human bitten by rabid animal.
6
Q
Give 4 symptoms of Rabies.
A
- Nausea
- Headaches
- Sore throat
- Fatigue
7
Q
Give 4 symptoms from the agitated phase of Rabies.
A
- Salivates
- Convulsive seizures
- Hydrophobia
- Death
8
Q
How can you treat Rabies/
A
- Anti-viral drug
- Blood transfusion
9
Q
Provide 4 ways in which you can prevent Rabies.
A
- Vaccinate dogs and livestoc.
- Immunization of travellers.
- Train health workers and vets.
- Destroy infected animals.
10
Q
What is Bacteria?
A
- Smallest known living organism.
- Found in air,soil and water.
- Can survive extreme temp.
11
Q
How does Bacteria reproduce?
A
- Asexual reproduction by binary fission
12
Q
What is Binary fission?
A
Reproduction via mitosis.
13
Q
Name the 4 shapes of Bacteria.
A
- Coccus
- Bacillus
- Spirilium
- Vibrios
14
Q
Give 5 basic structures of Bacteria.
A
- Unicellular
- Flagellum
- Slime capsule
- Plasmid found in cytoplasm
- No nuclear membrane
15
Q
What is Autotrophic bacteria?
A
Manufacture own food
16
Q
What is Heterotrophic bacteria?
A
Cannot produce own food.
17
Q
Name the 2 types of Autotrophic bacteria.
A
- Photosynthetic
- Chemosynthetic
18
Q
Name the 3 types of Heterotrophic bacteria?
A
- Parasitic
- Saprotrophic
- Mutualistic
19
Q
What is Parasitic bacteria?
A
Obtain food from other living organisms.
20
Q
What is Saprotrophic bacteria?
A
Obtain food from dead organic plants and animals.
21
Q
What is Mutualistic bacteria?
A
Both organisms benefit from this relationship.
22
Q
Where is Cholera found?
A
Overcrowded, unsafe drinking water and lack of sanitation areas.
23
Q
What is Cholera caused by?
A
The bacteria Vibrio Cholerae.
24
Q
Name 2 symptoms of Cholera.
A
- Water diarrhoea
- Vomiting
25
Give 2 treatments for Cholera.
- Rehydration
- Antibiotic treatment
26
Provide 4 ways to manage Cholera.
- Boil water before drinking.
- Access to clean drinking water or purification tablets.
- Proper sanitation and disposal of sewerage.
- Education
27
Provide 4 differences between Virusues and Bacteria.
- Bacteria is larger
- Bacter is Unicellular, Viruses are Acellular.
- Bacteria reproduces by itself, Viruses need a host.
- Bacteria is living, Viruses are living/non-living.
28
What is false feet called?
Pseudopodia
29
Give 5 characteristics of Protista.
- No tissue differentiation
- Autotrophic/ Heterotrophic
- Found mainly in water
- Sexually and Asexually
- Some sessile while others move using flagella (Euglena)
30
Provide the defintion of Sessile.
Attached to a substrate.
31
Provide the definition of Euglena.
Plant-like protist that can photosynthesise.
32
Provide the definition of Phagocytosis.
Cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles.
33
Provide the definition of Binary fission.
Type of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes and a few single-celled eukaryotes. Separation of parent cell into 2 new daughter cells through mitosis.
34
Name the 3 main groups of Protista.
Plant-like
Animal-like
Algae
35
Describe Plant-like Protista.
- Most autotrophic
- Mainly unicellular
36
Describe Animal-like Protista.
- Mainly heterotrophic and unicellular,
- Some are parasitic
37
Describe Algae.
- Multicellular
- Photosynthetic pigments
- Sessile/free-floating
38
Provide the name of free-floating aquatic plant-like protists.
Phytoplankton
39
Provide the name of free-floating aquatic animal-like protists.
Zooplankton
40
Where is Malaria found?
Tropical and sub-tropical areas.
41
What is Malaria caused by?
Protozoan Plasmodium vivax
42
What is Malaria spread by?
female Anopheles mosquito
43
Provide 4 symptoms of Malaria.
- Headache
- Joint pain
- Vomiting
- Convulsions
44
Provide 4 ways on how to avoid Malaria.
- Sleep under mosquito nets
- Drain standing water
- Stay indoors between sunset and sunrise
- Apply insect repellents to exposed skin.
45
Give 1 way on how to treat Malaria.
Anti-malarial drugs
46
Give 5 basic structures of Fungi.
- Cell walls of chitin
- Eukaryotic
- Heterotrophic
- Unicellular(yeast), Multicellular (mushrooms)
- Sexually and Asexually
47
How does Unicellular fungi reproduce?
Asexual by budding
48
How does Multicellular fungi reproduce?
Asexual by spores
49
What are the bodies of multicellular fungi made up of?
- Threads called hyphae
- Often multinucleate
50
What does all Hyphae form?
Mycelium
51
Name the 3 types of Hyphae.
- Rhizoids
- Stolons
- Sporangiophores
52
Where is Athlete's foot found?
Between toes and arched of feet.
53
What fungus is Athlete's foot caused by?
Tinea pedis
54
How does Athlete's foot work?
Feeds on keratin= flaky/cracked skin
55
Give 2 ways to treat Athlete's foot.
- Keep affected areas dry.
- Fungal ointments
56
Give 3 ways to prevent Athlete's foot.
- Open sandals when hot
- Wear slip-slops in public showers
- Dry between toes
57
Name the 3 symbiotic relationships.
- Mutualism
- Parasitism
- Commensalism
58
What is the role of Micro-organisms as decomposer?
Breaks down organic material into water, ammonia, carbon dioxide and heat.
59
What is the role of Autotrophic micro-organisms?
- Producers
- Use up carbon dioxide and release oxygen
60
What is the role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?
- N-fixing bacteria= convert N-gas into nitrates
- Dentrifying bacteria= return N-gas to atmosphere
61
Give 2 examples of symbiotic relationships.
- Nitrogen fixing bacteria and plants
- E.coli in human intestines
62
Explain the role of nitrogen fixing bacteria in plants+relationship
- Produce nitrates for plant while plant provides bacterium with a place to live, carbohydrates and water.
- Mutualistic
63
Explain the role of E.coli in human intestines+ relationship
- Escherichia coli lives on undigested remains of food in the gut and makes Vitamin K used by humans.
- Mutualistic
64
Explain Immunity
Way in which a plant or animal is able to fight an infection.
65
Name the 2 types of Immunity in animals.
- Natural
- Acquired
66
What is involved in the first line of defence?
- Antiseptic tears
- Multi-layered skin
- Ear wax in ear canal
- Enzymes in saliva
67
What happens in the primary response of the 2nd line of defence?
Tries to destroy pathogen and prevents it from spreading.
68
What happens in the secondary response of the 2nd line of defence?
- Destroys invading pathogens.
- Holds memory of destroyed pathogens to prevent re-infection.
- Antigens on surface of pathogens
- Lymphocytes recognise antigens and make antibodies
- Antibodies destroy germs and respond quickly when encountered again.
- Natural immunity
69
Provide the definition of a Antibody.
Protein produced by immune system in response to the presence of an antigen.
70
What is a Vaccination?
- Suspension of dead, weakened micro-organism/their toxins that will stimulate the production of antibodies by lymphoctyes.
- Artificially acquired active immunity
71
What is Passive immunity in plants?
- Thick bark
- Waxy cuticle
- Sticky secretions
- Chemical poisonous secretion
72
What is Active immunity in plants?
- Part of plant infected
- Infected cells die quickly to prevent spread.
- Localised hypersensitive response
73
What fungus is Antibiotics produced form?
Penicillium
74
What part of bacterium does Antibiotics target?
- prevent cell walls from forming
- damage cell membranes
- stop protein synthesis
75
Explain 3 ways of drug resistance in micro-organisms.
- Mutations
- Stopping before recommended time
- Cocktail of drugs
76
What is Antibiotics made from?
Living organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi
77
What is Biotechnology?
Use of micro-organisms to make useful substances for humans.
78
What does Biotechnology make?
- Insulin+ Antibiotics
- Maas, bread, wine, cheese
79
Explain the process of making Insulin.
- Plasmid removed from bacterium
- Plasmid cut open using enzyme.
- Piece of DNA with gene is extracted from chromosome from human pancreas cell.
- DNA joined to plasmid from bacterium to form recombinant DNA.
- Recombinant DNA inserted into bacteria.
- Bacteria grown in large vats with nutrients.
- DNA in bacteria instructs bacteria to make insulin.
- Insulin extracted then purified.
- Most common is E.coli
80
What is Traditional technology?
Micro-organisms such as yeast can undergo alcoholic fermentation in absence of oxygen.
81
How is cheese made?
Lactobacillus bacteria used to convert milk sugar(lactose) into lactic acid.
82
How is wine made?
Yeasts ferment grape sugar after grape is crushed.
83
Provide the definition of a plasmid.
Small, ring-shaped DNA molecule found in cytoplasm of bacteria.
