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Gastrointestinal Week 6 2016/17 > 2: Biochemistry of the liver > Flashcards

2: Biochemistry of the liver Flashcards

1
Q

What are some functions of the liver?

A

First pass metabolism

Bile production

Detoxification

Secretion of plasma proteins

Storage

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2
Q

What is stored in the liver?

A

Glycogen (fuel)

Metal ions (iron and copper)

Vitamins

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3
Q

What is produced by amino acid metabolism in the liver?

A

Urea

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4
Q

Which test separates proteins based on their size and charge?

A

Electrophoresis

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5
Q

Which protein, produced by the liver, is a marker of liver function?

A

Albumin

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6
Q

Alpha and beta globulins are released by the ___ and act as transport molecules.

A

liver

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7
Q

Name the alpha globulin responsible for transporting copper.

A

Caeruloplasmin

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8
Q

Name the alpha globulin responsible for transporting Vitamin A.

A

Retinol binding protein

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9
Q

Which beta globulin transports iron?

A

Transferrin

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10
Q

Which protein acts as an indicator of iron deficiency?

A

Transferrin

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11
Q

What inactive form of a blood clotting agent is produced by the liver?

What is the active agent called?

Which type of globulin is it?

A

Fibrinogen

Fibrin

Beta

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12
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein found in the blood?

A

Albumin

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13
Q

Albumin is small, water-soluble and (positively / negatively) charged.

A

negatively charged

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14
Q

Why may a patient’s albumin levels be low?

A

Liver disease

Malnutrition (specifically not enough protein)

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15
Q

What does albumin transport?

A

Fatty acids

Bilirubin

Thyroid hormones

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16
Q

What antiplatelet drug is transported in the blood by albumin?

A

Aspirin

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17
Q

What is an essential component of haemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes?

A

Iron

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18
Q

Which plasma protein transports iron ions?

What form are the iron ions in?

What type of globulin is this plasma protein?

A

Transferrin

Fe3+

Beta globulin

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19
Q

What is the storage form of iron in cells?

A

Ferritin

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20
Q

Which plasma protein transports copper in the blood?

What type of globulin is this plasma protein?

A

Caeruloplasmin

Alpha globulin

21
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

Deficiency of ceruloplasmin causing copper deposition in liver, brain

22
Q

Steroid hormones are (hydrophilic / hydrophobic).

A

hydrophobic

23
Q

Can hydrophobic molecules travel in the blood?

A

No - they require a carrier

24
Q

Can hydrophilic molecules travel in the blood?

A

Ye

25
Q

Name two hormones which bind to carrier globulins to travel in the blood.

A

Thyroxine

Cortisol

26
Q

Carrier globulins increase the ___ ___ of hormones, allowing them to work for longer.

A

half life

27
Q

Which type of molecule transports fat between organs and tissues?

A

Lipoproteins

28
Q

Name some lipoproteins from least dense to most dense.

A

Chylomicrons

VLDL
IDL

LDL
HDL

29
Q

What does a chylomicron do?

A

Transports dietary fat to the liver

30
Q

What does LDL do?

A

Transports cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues

31
Q

What does HDL do?

A

Transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver

i.e the opposite of LDL, making HDL the “good one” and LDL the “bad one”

32
Q

What is the “bad” lipoprotein associated with atherosclerosis?

A

LDL

33
Q

What is the “good” lipoprotein associated with reversing the action of LDL?

A

HDL

34
Q

What is the only organ which can metabolise and excrete cholesterol?

A

Liver

35
Q

HDL collects cholesterol and transports it back to the liver. In what form can it then be excreted?

A

Bile salts

remember that the liver breaks down cholesterol to make into bile salts, and bile salts are usually then recycled into cholesterol

36
Q

Cholesterol is an essential component of which part of animal cells?

A

Cell membrane

37
Q

Cholesterol provides ___ for the cell membrane.

A

stability

38
Q

What are two pathologies associated with major cholesterol involvement?

A

Cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis, LDL)

Gall stones (crystallised cholesterol)

39
Q

Cholesterol is a precursor for…

A

bile salts

steroid hormones

Vitamin D

40
Q

Can all cells synthesise cholesterol?

A

Yes

41
Q

What is the main site of cholesterol synthesis?

A

Liver

42
Q

Synthesis of cholesterol is very energy (light / intensive).

A

energy-intensive

43
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

44
Q

Which class of drugs inhibit HMG-CoA reductase to lower cholesterol levels?

A

Statins

45
Q

What vitamin, derived from cholesterol, is involved in calcium and phosphorus metabolism?

A

Vitamin D

46
Q

Name three types of steroid hormone derived from cholesterol.

A

Corticosteroids

Androgens

Oestrogens

47
Q

What is the main product of cholesterol metabolism?

A

Bile salts

48
Q

By what process are bile salts reabsorbed by the liver?

A

Enterohepatic recycling

49
Q

Which class of drug is used to block bile salt absorption in the terminal ileum, lowering cholesterol levels?

A

Bile salt sequestrants

Gastrointestinal Week 6 2016/17 (14 decks)

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