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Gastrointestinal Week 6 2016/17 > 10: Pathology of the liver 2 > Flashcards

10: Pathology of the liver 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What microorganism causes hepatitis?

A

Viruses

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2
Q

Name the four common causes of hepatitis.

A

Hepatitis A, B, C, E

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3
Q

Which virus rarely causes hepatitis and is associated with glandular fever?

A

Epstein-Barr virus

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4
Q

Name four viruses, other than Hepatitis, which cause viral hepatitis.

A

Epstein-Barr virus

Yellow fever virus

Herpes simplex virus

Cytomegalovirus

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5
Q

Which virus is spread by the faecal-oral route, causes mild illness and is recovered from quickly?

A

Hepatitis A

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6
Q

Hepatitis A has a (short / long) incubation time.

A

short

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7
Q

Hepatitis A directly kills the hepatocytes rather than generating a immune response which does so - what is the name for this?

A

Cytopathic

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8
Q

Which virus is spread by blood, sexually and vertically?

A

Hepatitis B

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9
Q

Which virus has a long incubation period and is associated by blood contact, sexual contact and in utero?

A

Hepatitis B

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10
Q

Hepatitis B cell damage is (cytopathic / autoimmune).

A

autoimmune

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11
Q

Which virus is spread by blood/sexual contact, has a SHORT incubation time and is much harder to get than Hepatitis B?

A

Hepatitis C

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12
Q

Hepatitis (A/B/C) tends to become chronic.

A

C

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13
Q

Which immune cell is associated with chronic inflammation seen in hepatitis?

A

Lymphocytes

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14
Q

Which substance is stained blue and indicates fibrosis in the Space of Disse?

A

Collagen

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15
Q

What can be seen on the surface of a cirrhotic liver following scarring and fibrosis?

A

Nodules

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16
Q

How does fibrosis affect blood flow in the liver?

A

Spaces reserved for blood flow fill with fibrosis

⇒ portal hypertension

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17
Q

What is a fatal acute outcome of Hepatitis B infection?

A

Fulminant liver failure

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18
Q

What are long term complications of chronic Hepatitis B infection?

A

Cirrhosis

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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19
Q

What are long term complications of Hepatitis C?

A

Cirrhosis

remember that Hepatitis C has a long incubation period and tends to be assymptomatic

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20
Q

Primary biliary cirrhosis / cholangitis

Autoimmune hepatitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

all autoimmune diseases

A
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21
Q

Primary biliary cirrhosis (name) is an ___ disease associated with the destruction of mitochondria by ____.

A

autoimmune

autoantibodies

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22
Q

Who tends to get primary biliary cirrhosis?

A

FFFF

fat fertile females in their 40s

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23
Q

What is seen microscopically in primary biliary cirrhosis?

A

Granulomas

24
Q

Primary biliary cirrhosis is a disease of the ___ ___.

A

bile ducts

25
What does **primary biliary cirrhosis** lead to if untreated?
**Cholestasis** **Inflammation** **Fibrosis** **Cirrhosis**
26
What drugs are used to treat autoimmune hepatitis?
**Corticosteroids** **Immunosuppressants**
27
Why is drug history important in liver and renal disease?
Lots of hepatitis is **drug-induced**
28
Why may young men develop autoimmune hepatitis?
**Drug-induced** protein supplements, bulking etc.
29
Which bile ducts does **primary biliary cirrhosis** affect?
**Small ones within the liver**
30
What bile ducts does **primary sclerosing cholangitis** affect?
**Intra and extra-hepatic ducts**
31
What are the consequences of the chronic inflammation in **primary sclerosing cholangitis**?
**Fibrosis, jaundice, cirrhosis**
32
Which IBD is associated with **primary sclerosing cholangitis**?
**UC**
33
Who tends to be affected by **primary sclerosing cholangitis**?
**Males**
34
What is a rare complication of primary sclerosing cholangitis?
**Bile duct malignancy** **/ colorectal cancer**
35
**Haemochromatosis**, **Wilson's disease** and **Alpha 1 Anti-trypsin deficiency** are all examples of liver ___ disease.
**storage**
36
What is **haemochromatosis**?
**Excess iron in the liver**
37
What is the cause of **primary haemochromatosis**?
**Autosomal recessive genetic condition**
38
What is the cause of **secondary haemochromatosis**?
**Iron overload from diet/therapy**
39
What does haemochromatosis progress to if untreated?
**Cirrhosis**
40
Why do haemochromatosis patients get **bronze skin**, **diabetes**, heart failure and impotence?
**Iron deposition**
41
What are two outcomes of untreated haemochromatosis?
**Cirrhosis** **Hepatocellular carcinoma**
42
What is the mode of inheritance of Wilson's disease?
**Autosomal recessive**
43
Why do people with Wilson's disease develop symptoms?
Low ceruloplasmin in the liver ## Footnote **Copper deposition in skin, eyes, brain**
44
What are the long term consequences of Wilson's disease?
**Chronic hepatitis** --\> cirrhosis ## Footnote **Neuro deterioration**
45
What are seen in the eyes of people's with Wilson's disease?
**Kayser-Fleischer rings**
46
What liver disease causes **emphysema** and **cirrhosis**?
**Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency** research this further
47
Why do metastases commonly present in the liver?
**Liver receives lots of venous blood**
48
What are two types of **primary** **liver** tumour?
**Hepatocellular adenoma** **Hepatocellular carcinoma**
49
hepatocellular adenoma 82 - round, encapsulated, smooth -- **benign** tends to be in females who take hormonal therapies
50
Any form of chronic hepatitis leaves you at risk of developing hepatocellular **(adenoma / carcinoma)**.
**carcinoma**
51
What liver diseases are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?
**Hepatitis B** and **C** ## Footnote **Cirrhosis**
52
**Hepatocellular carcinomas** tend to be **(painless / painful)**.
**painless**
53
When would a **hepatocellular carcinoma** become painful?
When it has grown large enough to distend the liver capsule
54
What name is given to the **spread** of hepatocellular carcinoma in a nodular way within the liver?
**Multifocal spread**
55
**Metastasis** of malignant cancer to the liver is usually **(curable / incurable)**.
**incurable**

Gastrointestinal Week 6 2016/17 (14 decks)

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