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Gastrointestinal Week 6 2016/17 > 10: Pathology of the liver 2 > Flashcards

10: Pathology of the liver 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What microorganism causes hepatitis?

A

Viruses

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2
Q

Name the four common causes of hepatitis.

A

Hepatitis A, B, C, E

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3
Q

Which virus rarely causes hepatitis and is associated with glandular fever?

A

Epstein-Barr virus

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4
Q

Name four viruses, other than Hepatitis, which cause viral hepatitis.

A

Epstein-Barr virus

Yellow fever virus

Herpes simplex virus

Cytomegalovirus

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5
Q

Which virus is spread by the faecal-oral route, causes mild illness and is recovered from quickly?

A

Hepatitis A

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6
Q

Hepatitis A has a (short / long) incubation time.

A

short

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7
Q

Hepatitis A directly kills the hepatocytes rather than generating a immune response which does so - what is the name for this?

A

Cytopathic

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8
Q

Which virus is spread by blood, sexually and vertically?

A

Hepatitis B

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9
Q

Which virus has a long incubation period and is associated by blood contact, sexual contact and in utero?

A

Hepatitis B

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10
Q

Hepatitis B cell damage is (cytopathic / autoimmune).

A

autoimmune

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11
Q

Which virus is spread by blood/sexual contact, has a SHORT incubation time and is much harder to get than Hepatitis B?

A

Hepatitis C

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12
Q

Hepatitis (A/B/C) tends to become chronic.

A

C

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13
Q

Which immune cell is associated with chronic inflammation seen in hepatitis?

A

Lymphocytes

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14
Q

Which substance is stained blue and indicates fibrosis in the Space of Disse?

A

Collagen

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15
Q

What can be seen on the surface of a cirrhotic liver following scarring and fibrosis?

A

Nodules

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16
Q

How does fibrosis affect blood flow in the liver?

A

Spaces reserved for blood flow fill with fibrosis

⇒ portal hypertension

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17
Q

What is a fatal acute outcome of Hepatitis B infection?

A

Fulminant liver failure

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18
Q

What are long term complications of chronic Hepatitis B infection?

A

Cirrhosis

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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19
Q

What are long term complications of Hepatitis C?

A

Cirrhosis

remember that Hepatitis C has a long incubation period and tends to be assymptomatic

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20
Q

Primary biliary cirrhosis / cholangitis

Autoimmune hepatitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

all autoimmune diseases

A
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21
Q

Primary biliary cirrhosis (name) is an ___ disease associated with the destruction of mitochondria by ____.

A

autoimmune

autoantibodies

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22
Q

Who tends to get primary biliary cirrhosis?

A

FFFF

fat fertile females in their 40s

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23
Q

What is seen microscopically in primary biliary cirrhosis?

A

Granulomas

24
Q

Primary biliary cirrhosis is a disease of the ___ ___.

A

bile ducts

25
Q

What does primary biliary cirrhosis lead to if untreated?

A

Cholestasis

Inflammation

Fibrosis

Cirrhosis

26
Q

What drugs are used to treat autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Corticosteroids

Immunosuppressants

27
Q

Why is drug history important in liver and renal disease?

A

Lots of hepatitis is drug-induced

28
Q

Why may young men develop autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Drug-induced

protein supplements, bulking etc.

29
Q

Which bile ducts does primary biliary cirrhosis affect?

A

Small ones within the liver

30
Q

What bile ducts does primary sclerosing cholangitis affect?

A

Intra and extra-hepatic ducts

31
Q

What are the consequences of the chronic inflammation in primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

Fibrosis, jaundice, cirrhosis

32
Q

Which IBD is associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

UC

33
Q

Who tends to be affected by primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

Males

34
Q

What is a rare complication of primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

Bile duct malignancy

/ colorectal cancer

35
Q

Haemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease and Alpha 1 Anti-trypsin deficiency are all examples of liver ___ disease.

A

storage

36
Q

What is haemochromatosis?

A

Excess iron in the liver

37
Q

What is the cause of primary haemochromatosis?

A

Autosomal recessive genetic condition

38
Q

What is the cause of secondary haemochromatosis?

A

Iron overload from diet/therapy

39
Q

What does haemochromatosis progress to if untreated?

A

Cirrhosis

40
Q

Why do haemochromatosis patients get bronze skin, diabetes, heart failure and impotence?

A

Iron deposition

41
Q

What are two outcomes of untreated haemochromatosis?

A

Cirrhosis

Hepatocellular carcinoma

42
Q

What is the mode of inheritance of Wilson’s disease?

A

Autosomal recessive

43
Q

Why do people with Wilson’s disease develop symptoms?

A

Low ceruloplasmin in the liver

Copper deposition in skin, eyes, brain

44
Q

What are the long term consequences of Wilson’s disease?

A

Chronic hepatitis –> cirrhosis

Neuro deterioration

45
Q

What are seen in the eyes of people’s with Wilson’s disease?

A

Kayser-Fleischer rings

46
Q

What liver disease causes emphysema and cirrhosis?

A

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

research this further

47
Q

Why do metastases commonly present in the liver?

A

Liver receives lots of venous blood

48
Q

What are two types of primary liver tumour?

A

Hepatocellular adenoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma

49
Q

hepatocellular adenoma

82 - round, encapsulated, smooth – benign

tends to be in females who take hormonal therapies

A
50
Q

Any form of chronic hepatitis leaves you at risk of developing hepatocellular (adenoma / carcinoma).

A

carcinoma

51
Q

What liver diseases are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Hepatitis B and C

Cirrhosis

52
Q

Hepatocellular carcinomas tend to be (painless / painful).

A

painless

53
Q

When would a hepatocellular carcinoma become painful?

A

When it has grown large enough to distend the liver capsule

54
Q

What name is given to the spread of hepatocellular carcinoma in a nodular way within the liver?

A

Multifocal spread

55
Q

Metastasis of malignant cancer to the liver is usually (curable / incurable).

A

incurable

Gastrointestinal Week 6 2016/17 (14 decks)

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