Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gastrointestinal Week 6 2016/17 > 11: Pathology of the biliary tract and pancreas > Flashcards

11: Pathology of the biliary tract and pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is cholelithasis?

A

Gallstones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are gallstones most commonly found?

A

1. Gallbladder (because it’s static)

2. Biliary system (less common because the bile flows)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are symptomatic gallstones removed?

A

Cholecystectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three main components of bile?

A

Bilirubin

Bile salts

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

A

Gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which signal triggers the release of bile into the duodenum?

A

CCK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why do gallstones occur?

A

Imbalance of ratio between cholesterol and bile salts

i.e too much cholesterol

cholesterol crystalises to form solid stones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who gets gallstones?

A

Female

Obese

Diabetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is haemolytic anaemia?

A

Increased breakdown of red blood cells, more Hb to metabolise

⇒ increased unconjugated bilirubin which the liver can’t handle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Apart from excess cholesterol, what other factor associated with haemolytic anaemia causes gallstones?

A

Increased bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the two types of gallstone.

A

Cholesterol stones

Pigment (bilrubin) stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do gallstones cause in the biliary lining?

A

Infection

Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chronic cholecystitis is constant waves of inflammation

mucocoele - buildup of mucus

empyema - buildup of pus

ascending cholangitis - gallstone blocks bile duct leading to ascending cholangitis (infection)

gallstone ileus - eroding action of gallstone forms fistula between duodenum and gall bladder, then travels to terminal ileum and blocks ileocaecal valve

pancreatitis - gallstone blocks sphincter of oddi, pancreatitis, autodigestion of pancreas by its own enzymes

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is cholecystitis?

What is it usually associated with?

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder

Gallstones, usually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes acute cholecystitis?

A

Gallstones blocking outflow of bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In acute cholecystitis, the gallbladder is initally sterile but soon becomes ___.

A

infected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some complications of acute cholecystitis?

A

Empyema

Rupture

Peritonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If gallstones remain after a bout of acute cholecystitis, what can occur?

A

Chronic cholecystitis

19
Q

What happens to the muscle coat of the gallbladder in chronic cholecystitis?

A

Thickened

20
Q

What type of cancer rarely occurs in the gallbladder?

A

Adenocarcinomas

21
Q

Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder is associated with ___.

Where can it directly spread?

A

gallstones

Liver

22
Q

What is cancer of the bile ducts called?

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

23
Q

What diseases are associated with cholangiocarcinoma?

A

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

(which itself is associated with UC)

24
Q

What are cholangiocarcinomas also called?

A

Klatskin tumours

25
Q

The pancreas is intimately associated with other organs.

Name these associations according to each part of the pancreas.

A

Head - duodenum, stomach, liver

Neck - bile ducts, stomach, IVC and abdominal aorta

Body - stomach, splenic artery/vein

Tail - spleen, left adrenal gland

26
Q

In terms of the GI tract, the pancreas is heavily involved in ___ of food.

A

digestion

27
Q

In terms of the endocrine system, removing the pancreas will render a patient ___.

A

diabetic

28
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

29
Q

What is the main symptom of acute pancreatitis?

A

Sudden onset severe abdominal pain

30
Q

Patients with acute pancreatitis is associated with elevated serum ___.

A

amylase

31
Q

What is a biliary cause of acute pancreatitis?

A

Gallstones block sphincters / damage sphincters causing reflux of pancreatic enzymes / bile, causing inflammation

32
Q

Why are autodigestive lipases so damaging to the pancreas?

A

Pancreas is surrounded by fat

33
Q

What, associated with lipase secretion, is seen under the microscope in acute pancreatitis?

A

Fat necrosis

34
Q

What, associated with protease secretion, is seen under the microscope in acute pancreatitis?

A

Tissue destruction

Haemorrhage

35
Q

In acute pancreatitis:

lipases digest the ___ around the pancreas

proteases digest the pancreas’s ___ ___, resulting in ___.

A

fat

blood vessels , haemorrhage

36
Q

What are the complications of acute pancreatitis if untreated?

A

Shock due to blood loss ⇒ Death

Pseudocysts ⇒ Abscesses

Deranged metabolites (hypocalcaemia, hyperglycaemia)

37
Q

What causes chronic pancreatitis?

A

Same things, really:

alcohol

gallstones

CF

38
Q

What is a genetic disease which causes chronic pancreatitis?

A

Cystic fibrosis

39
Q

What process occurs in chronic pancreatitis?

What is the result of this?

A

Chronic inflammation

Fibrosis

40
Q

What type of malignant tumour is most commonly found in the pancreas?

A

Adenocarcinoma

41
Q

Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas has a (good / poor) prognosis.

A

poor

42
Q

Why is the prognosis of pancreatic cancer so poor?

A

Pancreas is intimately related with lots of other organs - you can’t resect it, especially in older patients

43
Q

What is a complication of tumours in the head of the pancreas?

A

Bile duct obstruction

44
Q

Which organ can be invaded by tumours in the tail of the pancreas?

A

Spleen

Adrenal gland

Stomach

Gastrointestinal Week 6 2016/17 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions