2 Animal physiology Flashcards
1
Q
What is respiration?
A
The oxidation reaction that releases energy from glucose
2
Q
What is breathing?
A
The mechanism that moves air into and out of your lungs
3
Q
What is mucus and how is it used in the trachea?
A
Cells that line the trachea - mucus, and these trap particles of dirt or bacteria that are breathed in
4
Q
What is cilia?
A
Sweeps mucus and other bacteria out of the mouth
5
Q
What is ventilation?
A
Moving air inside and out of the lungs
6
Q
How does inhalation happen with intercostal muscles?
A
As you inhale, the outer intercostals contract, pulling the ribs up. At the same time the muscles of the diaphragm contract, pulling it down to a more flattened shape
7
Q
How does exhalation happen with intercostal muscles?
A
As you exhale, the outer intercostals relax, and the internal intercostals contract, pulling the ribs down. The diaphragm muscles relax and it goes back to its normal dome shape
8
Q
What do the lungs do?
A
They absorb oxygen into the blood after removing carbon dioxide from it
9
Q
What happens to the cilia with cigarette smoke?
A
They get reduced
10
Q
What is the cause of ‘smokers cough’?
A
The mucus is not swept away, since there is less cilia, so it blocks air passages
11
Q
What is emphysema?
A
A lung disease where smoke damages the walls of the alveoli, which break down and fuse together again, forming large irregular air spaces
12
Q
What does emphysema do?
A
Reduces the surface area for gas exchange, their blood carrying less oxygen.
13
Q
What are carcinogens?
A
Chemicals in smoke that cause cancer
14
Q
When does cancer happen?
A
When somebody’s cells mutate and divide uncontrollably, creating a tumor
15
Q
Why is carbon monoxide bad?
A
It takes place of the oxygen in your bloodstream, since carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin, creating carboxyhemoglobin
16
Q
What are carbohydrates made out of?
A
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
17
Q
What are lipids made out of?
A
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
18
Q
What are proteins made out of?
A
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur
19
Q
What does protein do inside our bodies?
A
Growth and repair of tissues
20
Q
What are amino acids?
A
Proteins sub-units
21
Q
What does calcium do in our bodies and what foods have it?
A
- Makes teeth and bones
- Dairy products, fish, bread and vegetables
22
Q
What does phosphorous do in our bodies and what foods have it?
A
- Makes teeth and bones
- In most foods
23
Q
What is sodium in and what foods have it?
A
- In body fluids
- Common salt, most foods
24
Q
What is chlorine in and what foods have it?
A
- In body fluids
- Common salt, most foods
25
What does magnesium do and what foods have it?
- Makes bones, found inside cells
- Green vegetables
26
What is iron in and what foods have it?
- It is a part of haemoglobin, helps to carry oxygen
- In red meat, liver, eggs, some vegetables
27
What is rickets a lack of?
Vitamin D
28
What does vitamin A do?
Makes a chemical in the retina; and protects the surface of the eye
29
What does vitamin B do?
Helps with cell respiration
30
What does vitamin C do?
Sticks together cell lining surfaces (eg mouth)
31
What does vitamin D do?
Helps absorb calcium and phosphate
32
What is digestion?
The chemical and mechanical breakdown of food
33
What is mechanical digestion?
Biting and chewing the food
34
What is peristalsis?
Pushing the food along the gut
35
What is excretion?
The removal of the products of cell metabolism (like CO^2), nitrous wastes, through urine or sweating
36
What is egestion?
The removal of undigested waste like faeces
37
What does blood transport? (4 factors)
- Oxygen from the lungs to the other parts of the body
- Carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the lungs
- Nutrients from the gut to all parts of the body
- Urea from the liver to the kidneys
38
Do unicellular organisms have circulatory systems?
No
39
What do small organisms have (SA:V)
A high SA:V ratio, so they do not need a circulatory system
40
What do large organisms have (SA:V)
A low SA:V ratio, so they need a circulatory system
41
What happens in a single circulatory system?
Blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ, then directly to the rest of the body
42
What happens in a double circulatory system?
Blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ, back to the heart, then to the rest of the body
43
What does the human circulatory system consist of?
- The heart
- Blood vessels
- Blood
44
What are the two parts of a double circulatory system?
1. The pulmonary circulation - Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary arteries, and is circulated through the lungs, becoming oxygenated.
2. The systemic circulation - Oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the aorta and is circulated through all other parts of the body, where it unloads its oxygen
45
How is the structure of a heart adapted to its function?
- Valves ensure that blood can only flow in one direction
- The walls of the atria are thin, can be stretched to receive blood
- Is divided into a left and right side by a wall of muscles called a septum
46
What makes coronary heart disease more likely? (factors)
- Inheritance
- High blood pressure
- Diet
- Smoking
- Stress
- Lack of exercise
47
What do arteries do?
Carry blood from the heart to the organs of the body
48
What do veins do?
Carry blood from organs back to the heart
49
What do capillaries do?
Carry blood through organs
50
What are platelets?
Fragments of other cells
51
What are red blood cells function?
To transport oxygen
52
What is haemoglobin?
An iron-containing protein that combines with oxygen
53
What happens as red blood cells pass through the lungs?
As they pass through the lungs they load oxygen, as they pass through the tissues they unload oxygen
54
What are white blood cells main function?
To protect the body against invasion by pathogens
55
What do phagocytes do?
They ingest microorganisms, then secretes enzymes to break it down
56
What do lymphocytes do?
They make antibodies, the antibodies stick to the surface of the antigens and destroy the pathogen
57
How do lymphocytes destroy the pathogen? (factors)
- Causing bacteria to stick together
- Acting as a 'label' on the pathogen, in order for it to be more easily recognized by a phagocyte
58
What is a stimulus?
A change in the animals surroundings
59
What is a response?
A reaction to the change
60
Stimulus --> receptor --> coordination --> effector --> response
61
What is a nerve impulse?
The tiny electrical signals that transmits information in the nerve cells
62
What is a neurone?
A nerve cell
63
Which two organs consist of the central nervous system?
- Brain
- Spinal cord
64
What are dendrons?
65
dendrites
66
synapses
67
axon
68
neuromuscular junction
69
myelin sheath
70
What is the sensory neurones structure?
71
What is the retina?
The light-sensitive layer, where light energy is converted into the electrical energy of nerve impulses
72
What does the retina contain? (2)
- Rods
- Cones
73
How do rods and cones react to light?
They react, and produce impulses to the sensory neurone, then passing the impulses to the brain through the optic nerve
74
How do rod cells work?
They work well in dim light, but cant distinguish between different colors.
75
How do cones work?
They only work in bright lights.
They give a sharper image than rods, which is why we can only see objects clearly if we are looking directly at them
76
When does refraction happen in the eye?
It happens first in the cornea boundary, and again at the lens
77
What happens to the circular muscles in bright light?
They contract; pupil getting smaller
78
What happens to the circular muscles in dim light?
They relax; pupil dilates
79
What is accommodation?
The changes that take place in the eye which allow us to see objects at different distances
80
What happens to the ciliary, suspensory ligaments, and lens when you focus on a distant object?
Ciliary muscles = relax
Suspensory ligaments = contract
Lens = flat
81
What happens to the ciliary, suspensory ligaments, and lens when you focus on a nearby object?
Ciliary muscles = contract
Suspensory ligaments = relax
Lens = more rounded
82
What is a reflex arc?
The nerve pathway followed by a reflex action
83
h
84
f
85
h
86
k
87
What is a synapse?
A gap between two nerve cells, not crossed by the electrical impulses passing through the neurones, but by chemicals
88
What are the two different types of glands?
Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands
89
What are exocrine glands?
They secrete their products through a duct (eg salivary glands in your mouth secrete saliva down salivary ducts)
90
What are endocrine glands?
They have no duct, instead, their hormones are secreted into the blood vessels that pass through the gland
91
What is a 'target organ'
The tissues or organs affected by hormones
92
What are some main endocrine glands?
- Pituitary
- Thyroid
- Pancreas
- Adrenals
- Testes
- Ovaries
93
What hormone does the pancreas consist of, and what is its function?
- Insulin, glucagon
- Lowers / raises blood glucose
94
What hormone do the adrenals consist of, and what is its function?
- Adrenaline
- Prepares the body for physical activity
95
Nervous vs endocrine system
96
pt 2
97
What type of gland is the pancreas?
Endocrine and exocrine
98
What happens when your adrenal glands secrete adrenaline? (factors)
- Breathing rate increases
- Heart beats faster
- In the liver, glycogen turns to glucose and released in the blood
- Pupils dilate
- Body hair stands upright
99
What is the main hormone controlling glucose?
Insulin
100
What is insulin made up of?
Special cells in the pancreas
101
What does insulin do?
Stimulates the liver to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen, lowering the level of glucose in the blood
102
When will the concentration of glucose rise in your blood?
After a meal - sugars from digested carbohydrates pass into the blood
103
What is diabetes?
When someones pancreas cant make enough insulin to keep their blood glucose level constant
104
What are two symptoms of diabetes?
- Constant thirst
- Glucose in urine
105
What is homeostasis?
Keeping our bodies conditions constant
106
Which is the main organ in homeostasis?
The kidney
107
What is the internal environment?
The inside of the body
108
What has to be kept constant in our bodies?
- Water
- Salts
- Level of carbon dioxide in the blood
- Blood pH
- Body temperature
109
What are some of the main solutions in urine?
- Urea
- Ammonia
- Other nitrogenous waste
110
Which two functions does the kidney carry out?
1. Homeostatic organ, controlling the water and salt concentration in the body
2. Excretory organ, concentrating nitrogenous waste in a form that can be eliminated
111
What is a thermoregulatory center and where is it located?
Something that controls the temperature of the body, located in the hypothalamus
112
What are the functions of the human skin and how do they relate to their function?
- Forming a tough outer layer to be able to resist mechanical damage
- Acting as a barrier to the entry of pathogens
- Forming an impermeable surface
- Acting as a sense organ for touch
- Controlling the loss of heat through the body surface
113
What does the outer epidermis consist of?
Dead cells that stop water loss and protect the body against invasion by microorganisms
114
What does the hypodermis consist of?
Fatty tissue, which insulates the body against heat loss and is a store of energy
115
What does the dermis contain?
Many sensory receptors, the location of sweat glands and many small blood vessels, as well as hair follicles
116
What happens when the hypothalamus detects an increase in the body temperature?
- Sweat glands produce more sweat
- Hairs on the surface lie flat
- Capillary loops vasoconstriction
117
How does sweat cool you down?
By the water evaporates into a gas, cooling the body down
118
What happens to the hairs in cold conditions?
The erector muscle contracts, pulling the hairs upright
119
What is vasoconstriction?
When you are hot, the blood vessels constrict, and blood flows through deeper vessels, so less heat is radiated
120
What is vasodilation?
When you are cold, the blood vessels dilate, blood flowing through your surface vessels, so more heat is radiated
121
How do you test for starch?
With iodine solution, will form dark blue-black
122
How do you test for glucose?
With Benedicts solution, will turn from red to clear blue. Put into a water bath.
123
How do you test for protein?
Biuret solution, turns purple
