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2 Animal physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

The oxidation reaction that releases energy from glucose

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2
Q

What is breathing?

A

The mechanism that moves air into and out of your lungs

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3
Q

What is mucus and how is it used in the trachea?

A

Cells that line the trachea - mucus, and these trap particles of dirt or bacteria that are breathed in

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4
Q

What is cilia?

A

Sweeps mucus and other bacteria out of the mouth

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5
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Moving air inside and out of the lungs

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6
Q

How does inhalation happen with intercostal muscles?

A

As you inhale, the outer intercostals contract, pulling the ribs up. At the same time the muscles of the diaphragm contract, pulling it down to a more flattened shape

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7
Q

How does exhalation happen with intercostal muscles?

A

As you exhale, the outer intercostals relax, and the internal intercostals contract, pulling the ribs down. The diaphragm muscles relax and it goes back to its normal dome shape

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8
Q

What do the lungs do?

A

They absorb oxygen into the blood after removing carbon dioxide from it

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9
Q

What happens to the cilia with cigarette smoke?

A

They get reduced

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10
Q

What is the cause of ‘smokers cough’?

A

The mucus is not swept away, since there is less cilia, so it blocks air passages

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11
Q

What is emphysema?

A

A lung disease where smoke damages the walls of the alveoli, which break down and fuse together again, forming large irregular air spaces

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12
Q

What does emphysema do?

A

Reduces the surface area for gas exchange, their blood carrying less oxygen.

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13
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Chemicals in smoke that cause cancer

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14
Q

When does cancer happen?

A

When somebody’s cells mutate and divide uncontrollably, creating a tumor

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15
Q

Why is carbon monoxide bad?

A

It takes place of the oxygen in your bloodstream, since carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin, creating carboxyhemoglobin

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16
Q

What are carbohydrates made out of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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17
Q

What are lipids made out of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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18
Q

What are proteins made out of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur

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19
Q

What does protein do inside our bodies?

A

Growth and repair of tissues

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20
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Proteins sub-units

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21
Q

What does calcium do in our bodies and what foods have it?

A
  • Makes teeth and bones
  • Dairy products, fish, bread and vegetables
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22
Q

What does phosphorous do in our bodies and what foods have it?

A
  • Makes teeth and bones
  • In most foods
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23
Q

What is sodium in and what foods have it?

A
  • In body fluids
  • Common salt, most foods
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24
Q

What is chlorine in and what foods have it?

A
  • In body fluids
  • Common salt, most foods
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25
Q

What does magnesium do and what foods have it?

A
  • Makes bones, found inside cells
  • Green vegetables
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26
Q

What is iron in and what foods have it?

A
  • It is a part of haemoglobin, helps to carry oxygen
  • In red meat, liver, eggs, some vegetables
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27
Q

What is rickets a lack of?

A

Vitamin D

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28
Q

What does vitamin A do?

A

Makes a chemical in the retina; and protects the surface of the eye

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29
Q

What does vitamin B do?

A

Helps with cell respiration

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30
Q

What does vitamin C do?

A

Sticks together cell lining surfaces (eg mouth)

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31
Q

What does vitamin D do?

A

Helps absorb calcium and phosphate

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32
Q

What is digestion?

A

The chemical and mechanical breakdown of food

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33
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Biting and chewing the food

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34
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Pushing the food along the gut

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35
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of the products of cell metabolism (like CO^2), nitrous wastes, through urine or sweating

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36
Q

What is egestion?

A

The removal of undigested waste like faeces

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37
Q

What does blood transport? (4 factors)

A
  • Oxygen from the lungs to the other parts of the body
  • Carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the lungs
  • Nutrients from the gut to all parts of the body
  • Urea from the liver to the kidneys
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38
Q

Do unicellular organisms have circulatory systems?

A

No

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39
Q

What do small organisms have (SA:V)

A

A high SA:V ratio, so they do not need a circulatory system

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40
Q

What do large organisms have (SA:V)

A

A low SA:V ratio, so they need a circulatory system

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41
Q

What happens in a single circulatory system?

A

Blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ, then directly to the rest of the body

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42
Q

What happens in a double circulatory system?

A

Blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ, back to the heart, then to the rest of the body

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43
Q

What does the human circulatory system consist of?

A
  • The heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood
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44
Q

What are the two parts of a double circulatory system?

A
  1. The pulmonary circulation - Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary arteries, and is circulated through the lungs, becoming oxygenated.
  2. The systemic circulation - Oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the aorta and is circulated through all other parts of the body, where it unloads its oxygen
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45
Q

How is the structure of a heart adapted to its function?

A
  • Valves ensure that blood can only flow in one direction
  • The walls of the atria are thin, can be stretched to receive blood
  • Is divided into a left and right side by a wall of muscles called a septum
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46
Q

What makes coronary heart disease more likely? (factors)

A
  • Inheritance
  • High blood pressure
  • Diet
  • Smoking
  • Stress
  • Lack of exercise
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47
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood from the heart to the organs of the body

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48
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood from organs back to the heart

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49
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Carry blood through organs

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50
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of other cells

51
Q

What are red blood cells function?

A

To transport oxygen

52
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

An iron-containing protein that combines with oxygen

53
Q

What happens as red blood cells pass through the lungs?

A

As they pass through the lungs they load oxygen, as they pass through the tissues they unload oxygen

54
Q

What are white blood cells main function?

A

To protect the body against invasion by pathogens

55
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

They ingest microorganisms, then secretes enzymes to break it down

56
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

They make antibodies, the antibodies stick to the surface of the antigens and destroy the pathogen

57
Q

How do lymphocytes destroy the pathogen? (factors)

A
  • Causing bacteria to stick together
  • Acting as a ‘label’ on the pathogen, in order for it to be more easily recognized by a phagocyte
58
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the animals surroundings

59
Q

What is a response?

A

A reaction to the change

60
Q

Stimulus –> receptor –> coordination –> effector –> response

A
61
Q

What is a nerve impulse?

A

The tiny electrical signals that transmits information in the nerve cells

62
Q

What is a neurone?

A

A nerve cell

63
Q

Which two organs consist of the central nervous system?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
64
Q

What are dendrons?

A
65
Q

dendrites

A
66
Q

synapses

A
67
Q

axon

A
68
Q

neuromuscular junction

A
69
Q

myelin sheath

A
70
Q

What is the sensory neurones structure?

A
71
Q

What is the retina?

A

The light-sensitive layer, where light energy is converted into the electrical energy of nerve impulses

72
Q

What does the retina contain? (2)

A
  • Rods
  • Cones
73
Q

How do rods and cones react to light?

A

They react, and produce impulses to the sensory neurone, then passing the impulses to the brain through the optic nerve

74
Q

How do rod cells work?

A

They work well in dim light, but cant distinguish between different colors.

75
Q

How do cones work?

A

They only work in bright lights.
They give a sharper image than rods, which is why we can only see objects clearly if we are looking directly at them

76
Q

When does refraction happen in the eye?

A

It happens first in the cornea boundary, and again at the lens

77
Q

What happens to the circular muscles in bright light?

A

They contract; pupil getting smaller

78
Q

What happens to the circular muscles in dim light?

A

They relax; pupil dilates

79
Q

What is accommodation?

A

The changes that take place in the eye which allow us to see objects at different distances

80
Q

What happens to the ciliary, suspensory ligaments, and lens when you focus on a distant object?

A

Ciliary muscles = relax
Suspensory ligaments = contract
Lens = flat

81
Q

What happens to the ciliary, suspensory ligaments, and lens when you focus on a nearby object?

A

Ciliary muscles = contract
Suspensory ligaments = relax
Lens = more rounded

82
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The nerve pathway followed by a reflex action

83
Q

h

A
84
Q

f

A
85
Q

h

A
86
Q

k

A
87
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between two nerve cells, not crossed by the electrical impulses passing through the neurones, but by chemicals

88
Q

What are the two different types of glands?

A

Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands

89
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

They secrete their products through a duct (eg salivary glands in your mouth secrete saliva down salivary ducts)

90
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

They have no duct, instead, their hormones are secreted into the blood vessels that pass through the gland

91
Q

What is a ‘target organ’

A

The tissues or organs affected by hormones

92
Q

What are some main endocrine glands?

A
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenals
  • Testes
  • Ovaries
93
Q

What hormone does the pancreas consist of, and what is its function?

A
  • Insulin, glucagon
  • Lowers / raises blood glucose
94
Q

What hormone do the adrenals consist of, and what is its function?

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Prepares the body for physical activity
95
Q

Nervous vs endocrine system

A
96
Q

pt 2

A
97
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

98
Q

What happens when your adrenal glands secrete adrenaline? (factors)

A
  • Breathing rate increases
  • Heart beats faster
  • In the liver, glycogen turns to glucose and released in the blood
  • Pupils dilate
  • Body hair stands upright
99
Q

What is the main hormone controlling glucose?

A

Insulin

100
Q

What is insulin made up of?

A

Special cells in the pancreas

101
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Stimulates the liver to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen, lowering the level of glucose in the blood

102
Q

When will the concentration of glucose rise in your blood?

A

After a meal - sugars from digested carbohydrates pass into the blood

103
Q

What is diabetes?

A

When someones pancreas cant make enough insulin to keep their blood glucose level constant

104
Q

What are two symptoms of diabetes?

A
  • Constant thirst
  • Glucose in urine
105
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Keeping our bodies conditions constant

106
Q

Which is the main organ in homeostasis?

A

The kidney

107
Q

What is the internal environment?

A

The inside of the body

108
Q

What has to be kept constant in our bodies?

A
  • Water
  • Salts
  • Level of carbon dioxide in the blood
  • Blood pH
  • Body temperature
109
Q

What are some of the main solutions in urine?

A
  • Urea
  • Ammonia
  • Other nitrogenous waste
110
Q

Which two functions does the kidney carry out?

A
  1. Homeostatic organ, controlling the water and salt concentration in the body
  2. Excretory organ, concentrating nitrogenous waste in a form that can be eliminated
111
Q

What is a thermoregulatory center and where is it located?

A

Something that controls the temperature of the body, located in the hypothalamus

112
Q

What are the functions of the human skin and how do they relate to their function?

A
  • Forming a tough outer layer to be able to resist mechanical damage
  • Acting as a barrier to the entry of pathogens
  • Forming an impermeable surface
  • Acting as a sense organ for touch
  • Controlling the loss of heat through the body surface
113
Q

What does the outer epidermis consist of?

A

Dead cells that stop water loss and protect the body against invasion by microorganisms

114
Q

What does the hypodermis consist of?

A

Fatty tissue, which insulates the body against heat loss and is a store of energy

115
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

Many sensory receptors, the location of sweat glands and many small blood vessels, as well as hair follicles

116
Q

What happens when the hypothalamus detects an increase in the body temperature?

A
  • Sweat glands produce more sweat
  • Hairs on the surface lie flat
  • Capillary loops vasoconstriction
117
Q

How does sweat cool you down?

A

By the water evaporates into a gas, cooling the body down

118
Q

What happens to the hairs in cold conditions?

A

The erector muscle contracts, pulling the hairs upright

119
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

When you are hot, the blood vessels constrict, and blood flows through deeper vessels, so less heat is radiated

120
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

When you are cold, the blood vessels dilate, blood flowing through your surface vessels, so more heat is radiated

121
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

With iodine solution, will form dark blue-black

122
Q

How do you test for glucose?

A

With Benedicts solution, will turn from red to clear blue. Put into a water bath.

123
Q

How do you test for protein?

A

Biuret solution, turns purple

Biology (3 decks)

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