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Biology > 1 Life processes > Flashcards

1 Life processes Flashcards

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1
Q

What life processes take place in living things?

A

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity

Control

Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition

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2
Q

What does an animal cell consist of?

A

Nucleus, Cell membrane, Mitochondria, Cytoplasm

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3
Q

What does a plant cell consist of?

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, vacuole, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and nucleus

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4
Q

What do plant cells consist that animal cells do not?

A

Cell wall, vacuole, and chloroplasts

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5
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Controls the activities of the cell, contains chromosomes which carry the genetic material

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6
Q

What do enzymes control?

A

The chemical reactions that take place in the cytoplasm

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7
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

It is a thin ‘skin-like’ layer on the surface of the cell, forms a boundary between the cytoplasm of the cell and the outside

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8
Q

What do we say the membrane is and why?

A

Partially permeable, because it is not a complete barrier

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9
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Carry out some of the reactions of respiration, releasing energy that a cell can use

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10
Q

What is the cell wall (plant only)?

A

Is a layer of non-living material found outside the cell membrane of plant cells

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11
Q

What is the cell wall made out of?

A

Cellulose - a carbohydrate

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12
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Helps the cell keep its shape

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13
Q

What is a vacuole made out of?

A

Filled with a watery liquid called cell sap - a store of dissolved sugars, mineral ions, and other solutes

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14
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

They absorb light energy to make food in the process of photosynthesis

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15
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

Chlorophyll - a green pigment

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16
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

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17
Q

What would happen in our body without catalysts?

A

Reactions would be too slow, life would not be able to go on

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18
Q

What is the lock an key model? (enzymes)

A

When an enzyme only fits into a substrate of a specific shape, when it is denatured, the active site does not fit with the substrate

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19
Q

How can you increase the rate of reaction?

A

By raising the concentration of the enzyme or substrate

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20
Q

Why do higher temperatures increase the rate of reaction?

A

Higher temperatures give the molecules of the enzyme and substrate more kinetic energy, more collisions

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21
Q

What happens to an enzyme above the optimum temperature?

A

It gets denatured

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22
Q

What happens to an enzyme before and after the optimum pH?

A

Denatured

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23
Q

At which pH does an enzyme work best at?

A

7

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24
Q

What is the reaction for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

25
Q

What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O^2 –> 6CO^2 + 6H^2O

26
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that requires oxygen

27
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that does not require oxygen

28
Q

Why is there less energy released in anaerobic respiration?

A

Because glucose is not completely broken down, so less energy is released

29
Q

Two examples where anaerobic respiration occurs?

A

Yeast and muscle cells

30
Q

Anaerobic respiration equation?

A

Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

31
Q

What happens to lactate after exercise?

A

It is aerobically respired in the mitochondria

32
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The volume of oxygen needed to completely oxidise the lactate that builds up in the body during anaerobic respiration?

33
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an era of where they have a high concentration to a low concentration

34
Q

What is the rate of diffusion affected by? (4 factors)

A
  • The concentration gradient - happens more quickly when the concentration gradient is steeper
  • The SA:V ratio (a larger surface area in proportion to the volume will increase the rate)
  • The distance
  • The temperature - greater rate at higher temperatures
35
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of substances from an area of which they are at low concentration to an area of high concentration (against a concentration gradient)

36
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The net movement of water particles from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across the partially permeable cell membrane

37
Q

What does adaptation mean?

A

That the structure of a cell or organism is related to its function

38
Q

What are carbohydrates stored as?

A

Starch

39
Q

What are sugars stored as?

A

Sucrose

40
Q

What are carbohydrates stored as? (in animal cells)

A

Glycogen

41
Q

What are fungi?

A

Mushrooms, toadstools, moulds and yeasts

42
Q

Which fungi are multicellular?

A

Mushrooms, toadstools and moulds

43
Q

Which fungi is unicellular?

A

Yeasts

44
Q

Why can fungi not photosynthesize?

A

Because they do not contain chloroplasts, they have cell walls but they are not composed of cellulose

45
Q

What is fungi’s cell wall made out of?

A

Chitin

46
Q

What is saprotrophic nutrition?

A

When an organism feeds on dead organic material, by enzymes secreted out of cells

47
Q

What are protoctists?

A

A mixed group of organisms that don’t fit into the plants animal or fungi

48
Q

What are algae?

A

The protoctists that are most plant cell like

49
Q

What are protozoa?

A

The protoctists that are most animal cell like

50
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell that has a nucleus

51
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell ‘before nucleus’ - bacteria

52
Q

What are bacterial cell walls made out of?

A

Peptidoglycan

53
Q

What do bacteria have instead of a nucleus?

A

Nothing, the DNA is loose in the cytoplasm, which forms a circular loop

54
Q

What are the different bacterial shapes?

A

Spheres
Rods
Spirals

55
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes disease

56
Q

What are viruses made up of?

A

It is a particle - made up of a core genetic material surrounded by a protein coat

57
Q

Do viruses carry out the characteristics of living organisms

A

No, only reproduction

58
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

By entering the host cell and taking over its genetic machinery to make more virus particles

59
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

Something that affects plants, interfering with the tobacco plants to make chloroplasts

Biology (3 decks)

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