Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardio Block > 2- anatomy of mediastinum > Flashcards

2- anatomy of mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

what area is the mediastinum?

A

area that lies between the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are divisions of mediastinum?

A
  1. superior
  2. inferior = anterior, middle, posterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

at what point is the superior & inferior mediastinum split?

A

at transverse thoracic plane between sternal angle & T4/T5 intervertebral disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the thymus?

A

in a child = part of lymphatic system that produces T lymphocytes
- regresses in adults so usually just fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what structures are in anterior mediastinum?

A

anterior mediastinum = between sternum & fibrous pericardium

  • just thymus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does middle mediastinum contain?

A
  • pericardium
  • heart
  • parts of the great vessels that connect with the heart (inferior part of SVC, superior part of IVC, pulmonary trunk & arteries, pulmonary veins, ascending aorta)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does posterior mediastinum contain?

A
  • vagus nerves
  • sympathetic chains/trunks
  • thoracic aorta
  • oesophagus
  • thoracic duct
  • azygous veins
  • trachea & 2 main bronchi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where is oesophagus?

A

posterior mediastinum directly behind heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what runs along surface of oesophagus?

A

vagal plexus (intertwining of R&L vagal nerves)

*vagal plexus then gives rise to vagal trunks that pass into diaphragm into abdomen to supply viscera in abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where is thoracic aorta?

A

= also called descending aorta
- behind oesophagus in posterior mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is function of azygous vein?

A

drains venous blood from intercostal veins in intercostal spaces to superior vena cava and ultimately to Right Atrium (can be ruptured in chest trauma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is route of azygous veins?

A

goes up posterior mediastinum then crosses over root of lung and into superior vena cava then RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when does aorta referred to as
a) ascending
b) arch
c) thoracic
d) abdominal

A

it’s first referred to ascending as it leaves heart and then when it curves it’s called arch of aorta then it bends down and is known as descending aorta/thoracic aorta and finally once it enters diaphragm is referred to as abdominal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the branches coming off the ARCH of the aorta?

A
  1. brachiocephalic trunk = supplies right hand side of neck (right carotid) & right upper limb (right subclavian)
  2. left common carotid artery = supplies left hand side of head & neck
  3. left subclavian artery = supplies left upper limb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what branches come off descending aorta?

A

posterior: bilateral intercostal arteries (1 for each intercostal space)

anterior:
- bronchial arteries (arterial blood for lung tissue)
- oesophageal arteries
- mediastinal arteries
- pericardial arteries
- phrenic arteries (for diaphragm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is aortic hiatus?

A

small opening in the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what areas drain back to thoracic duct?

A

lymph produced in lower limbs, abdomen and left thoracic area, left upper limb, left side of head

18
Q

where does thoracic duct drain into?

A

thoracic duct is on the left side of body and drains lymph back to left venous angle

*venous angle = in between internal jugular vein & subclavian vein

19
Q

where does lymphatic duct drain to?

A

lymphatic duct is on right side of body and drains lymph into right venous angle

*venous angle = in between internal jugular vein & subclavian vein

20
Q

what areas drain lymph into lymphatic duct?

A

right hand side of thoracic area and right upper limb and right hand side of head

21
Q

what side of body is
a) lymphatic duct?
b) thoracic duct?

A

a) right
b) left

22
Q

where does lymph from lung tissue drain to?

A

will drain back to bronchopulmonary lymph nodes and from there to midline area which have tracheobronchial lymph nodes→they then travel to thoracic duct for left hand side and lymphatic duct on right hand side

23
Q

where are bronchopulmonary lymph nodes?

A

surrounding the main bronchus at root of lung

24
Q

where are tracheobronchial lymph nodes?

A

around bifurcation of the trachea

25
Q

what is the exception to the rule about what areas drain to each duct in lymphatic system?

A

in some patients the lymph from left inferior lobe drains into right lymphatic duct

26
Q

what is the cisterna chyli?

A

swollen start of thoracic duct in abdomen = origin of thoracic duct

27
Q

what is route of thoracic duct?

A

originates at cisterna chyli in abdomen then travels up through posterior mediastinum between azygous vein & oesophagus in order to drain into left venous angle

28
Q

why would patient with mass at tracheobronchial lymph nodes have difficulty swallowing?

A

because oesophagus sits right where tracheobronchial lymph nodes are so if mass in the nodes then it could push on oesophagus and cause difficulty swallowing

29
Q

where is oesophageal hiatus?

A

in the diaphragm (gap)

30
Q

what is route of right vagus nerve? (From superior to inferior)

A

along right lateral border of trachea, passes posterior to root of lung and forms plexus on surface of oesophagus

31
Q

what is route of left vagus nerve?

A

along surface of arch of aorta, then posterior to root of lung, forming plexus on surface of oesophagus and then into diaphragm to supply viscera

32
Q

what is recurrent laryngeal branch and where is it?

A

= branch of vagus nerve that supplies the larynx

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve: Hooks around the ligamentum arteriosum. (which connects pulmonary trunk & aorta) - DOES ENTER CHEST

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve: Loops around the right subclavian artery. - DOESN’T enter chest

33
Q

what are the structures/vessels in superior mediastinum - listed from anterior → posterior?

A
  • brachiocephalic veins & superior vena cava
  • arch of aorta
  • trachea
  • oesophagus
  • thoracic duct
34
Q

what are the nerves in superior mediastinum from lateral →medial?

A
  • phrenic nerves
  • vagus nerves
  • recurrent laryngeal nerves
35
Q

what makes up the right brachiocephalic vein?

A

right subclavian vein & right internal jugular vein

36
Q

what do brachiocephalic veins come together to make?

A

superior vena cava -> drains to RA

37
Q

what is link between pressure in central veins and pressure in right atrium?

A
  • large veins are close enough to the heart so that the pressure within them is said to approximately reflect pressure within RA

*depends on posture

38
Q

what are the most common points of access in central venous cannulation/catheterisation?

A
  • internal jugular veins
  • femoral veins
39
Q

which recurrent laryngeal branch hooks lower down?

A

Left Lower

40
Q

what referred pain could be felt with liver abscess or inflammation of gallbladder and why?

A

could have shoulder tip pain as the brain refers the pain to the more superficial structure, the skin over shoulder tip

  • it irritates parietal perineum lining inferior surface of diaphragm which is supplied by phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)
  • the supraclavicular nerves (C3,4) supply the dermatomes over shoulder & enter spinal cord at same level as phrenic nerve

Cardio Block (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions