2 - anatomical relationships for yr 2

Question 1

what is tendon?

Answer 1

it is what connects muscle to bone (tendon doesn’t contract, only muscle does)

Question 2

what is aponeurosis?

Answer 2

flattened tendon, often attaching muscle to soft tissue rather than muscle to bone

Question 3

what are 4 things to think about to work out action of any muscle?

Answer 3

1. which joint is spanned
2. long axis of muscle fibres (direction of fibres)
3. aspect of joint that’s spanned
4. shapes of articular surfaces of joint

Question 4

what is name, attachment, main action, nerve supply and how to clinically test the biceps brachii?

Answer 4

name = biceps brachii
attachment = scapula to radius
main action = flexion of shoulder joint, elbow joint, supination of radioulnar joints
nerve supply = musculocutaneous nerve
clinical test = biceps jerk reflex

Question 5

what is compartment syndrome?

Answer 5

when increase in pressure in compartment, this will interact with muscle and put pressure on nerve & vessels. can do fasciotomy to relieve pressure
(compartment is separated of fascia)

Question 6

what is the thinnest point of skull which is most likely to fracture?

Answer 6

the point where 4 bones meet (frontal, temporal, sphenoid & parietal)
- there’s an artery that runs directly behind it (god little joke)

Question 7

name the foramina in skull?

Answer 7

• cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
• optic canal
• superior orbital fissure
• foramen rotundum
• foramen ovale
• internal acoustic meatus
• jugular foramen
• hypoglossal canal
• foramen magnum

Question 8

what foramen does cranial nerve I go through?

Answer 8

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

Question 9

what foramen does cranial nerve II go through?

Answer 9

optic canal

Question 10

what foramen does cranial nerve III, IV, V1, VI go through?

Answer 10

superior orbital fissure

Question 11

what foramen does cranial nerve V2 go through?

Answer 11

foramen rotundum

Question 12

what foramen does cranial nerve V3 go through?

Answer 12

foramen ovale

Question 13

what foramen does cranial nerve VII & VIII go through?

Answer 13

internal acoustic meatus

Question 14

what foramen does cranial nerve IX, X, XI go through?

Answer 14

jugular foramen

Question 15

what foramen does cranial nerve XII go through?

Answer 15

hypoglossal canal

Question 16

what is the cavernous sinus?

Answer 16

large complex venous structure located in middle cranial fossa of sphenoid bone

Question 17

what are structures near pituitary gland in sphenoid cavity?

Answer 17

optic nerves this means that if enlarged pituitary gland then eye problems will be an early symptom

Question 18

what is the danger triangle?

Answer 18

there is a specific part of face that is connected to plexus of veins above pituitary gland this means that there’s chance of infection at face getting to pituitary gland and optic nerves etc

Question 19

what cranial nerve passes through sphenoid air sinus?

Answer 19

• CN VI
• CN III, IV, Va&b, VI, II all pass through wall of sinus

Question 20

what muscles does cranial nerve VII supply?

Answer 20

facial nerve so supplies muscles of facial expression

Question 21

what muscles does cranial nerve X supply?

Answer 21

vagus nerve - motor function mostly supplies pharynx & larynx

Question 22

what muscles does cranial nerve XII supply?

Answer 22

hypoglossal - mostly supplies tongue muscles

Question 23

what muscles does cranial nerve IX supply?

Answer 23

glossopharyngeal - supplies sensory to middle ear & pharynx which is important as infection can spread between the 2 via eustachian tube and can also mean referred pain