2 - anatomical relationships for yr 2 Flashcards
what is tendon?
it is what connects muscle to bone (tendon doesn’t contract, only muscle does)
what is aponeurosis?
flattened tendon, often attaching muscle to soft tissue rather than muscle to bone
what are 4 things to think about to work out action of any muscle?
- which joint is spanned
- long axis of muscle fibres (direction of fibres)
- aspect of joint that’s spanned
- shapes of articular surfaces of joint
what is name, attachment, main action, nerve supply and how to clinically test the biceps brachii?
name = biceps brachii
attachment = scapula to radius
main action = flexion of shoulder joint, elbow joint, supination of radioulnar joints
nerve supply = musculocutaneous nerve
clinical test = biceps jerk reflex
what is compartment syndrome?
when increase in pressure in compartment, this will interact with muscle and put pressure on nerve & vessels. can do fasciotomy to relieve pressure
(compartment is separated of fascia)
what is the thinnest point of skull which is most likely to fracture?
the point where 4 bones meet (frontal, temporal, sphenoid & parietal)
- there’s an artery that runs directly behind it (god little joke)
name the foramina in skull?
- cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
- optic canal
- superior orbital fissure
- foramen rotundum
- foramen ovale
- internal acoustic meatus
- jugular foramen
- hypoglossal canal
- foramen magnum
what foramen does cranial nerve I go through?
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
what foramen does cranial nerve II go through?
optic canal
what foramen does cranial nerve III, IV, V1, VI go through?
superior orbital fissure
what foramen does cranial nerve V2 go through?
foramen rotundum
what foramen does cranial nerve V3 go through?
foramen ovale
what foramen does cranial nerve VII & VIII go through?
internal acoustic meatus
what foramen does cranial nerve IX, X, XI go through?
jugular foramen
what foramen does cranial nerve XII go through?
hypoglossal canal
what is the cavernous sinus?
large complex venous structure located in middle cranial fossa of sphenoid bone
what are structures near pituitary gland in sphenoid cavity?
optic nerves this means that if enlarged pituitary gland then eye problems will be an early symptom
what is the danger triangle?
there is a specific part of face that is connected to plexus of veins above pituitary gland this means that there’s chance of infection at face getting to pituitary gland and optic nerves etc
what cranial nerve passes through sphenoid air sinus?
- CN VI
- CN III, IV, Va&b, VI, II all pass through wall of sinus
what muscles does cranial nerve VII supply?
facial nerve so supplies muscles of facial expression
what muscles does cranial nerve X supply?
vagus nerve - motor function mostly supplies pharynx & larynx
what muscles does cranial nerve XII supply?
hypoglossal - mostly supplies tongue muscles
what muscles does cranial nerve IX supply?
glossopharyngeal - supplies sensory to middle ear & pharynx which is important as infection can spread between the 2 via eustachian tube and can also mean referred pain