2 AI test Flashcards
What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?
Kinetic energy is associated with motion, while potential energy is stored energy waiting to become kinetic energy.
Define exergonic reactions.
Exergonic reactions are spontaneous reactions that release energy.
Define endergonic reactions.
Endergonic reactions are energy-requiring reactions.
What does ΔE represent?
ΔE represents the change in energy in a chemical reaction.
What is the Law of Mass Action?
The Law of Mass Action states that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants.
What is activation energy?
Activation energy is the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
How do enzymes affect activation energy?
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions to occur.
What is ATP and why is its hydrolysis necessary for life?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells; its hydrolysis releases energy needed for various cellular processes.
What is phosphocreatine and its role in ATP production?
Phosphocreatine is a high-energy compound that contributes to ATP production, especially in muscle during exercise.
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
What are the starting substrates and ending products of glycolysis?
Starting substrate: glucose; Ending products: 2 pyruvate molecules.
How many ATP molecules are produced by glycolysis?
Glycolysis produces a net of 2 ATP molecules.
What is NADH and how many are produced by glycolysis?
NADH is a reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; glycolysis produces 2 NADH molecules.
What is pyruvate and how many are produced by glycolysis?
Pyruvate is a 3-carbon compound produced in glycolysis; 2 pyruvate molecules are produced.
What is the linking step reaction?
The linking step converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA and produces 1 NADH and 1 CO2 per pyruvate.
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
What are the starting substrates and ending products of the Krebs cycle?
Starting substrate: acetyl CoA; Ending products: ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
What is produced by the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
1 NADH and 1 CO2 are produced.
How many ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 are produced by the citric acid cycle per acetyl CoA?
- 1 ATP (or GTP)
- 3 NADH
- 1 FADH2
- 2 CO2
True or False: The Krebs cycle requires molecular oxygen.
False; it does not require oxygen but will stop if oxygen is unavailable.
What is the primary hub for ATP production?
Mitochondria.
What are the three phases of glycolysis?
- Investment phase
- Cleavage phase
- Payoff phase
What is the significance of the double membrane in mitochondria?
The double membrane organization is important for the function of the mitochondria in ATP production.
How much ATP is produced from glucose through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
- 4 gross ATP
- 2 net ATP
How many NADH are produced from glucose metabolism through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
10 NADH.
Fill in the blank: Glycolysis is an _______ process.
[anaerobic]
What happens to the carbons from glucose during glucose metabolism?
The carbons are released as CO2 during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
How much carbohydrate would a 160 lbs man need to consume daily to maintain ATP turnover?
Approximately 40 lbs of glucose.
