2 Flashcards
Change -> result in plus or minus lens spec magnification
- incr h (vertex distance)
- incr t (thickness)
- incr base curve
- incr n
Plus lens
- incr h (vertex distance) = INCR spec mag
- incr t (thickness) = INCR
- incr base curve = INCR
- incr n = DECR
Minus lens
- incr h (vertex distance) = DECR spec mag
- incr t (thickness) = INCR
- incr base curve = INCR
- incr n = DECR
What does a pt’s measured VA represent
High spatial frequency cutoff on the contrast sensitivity function
Most common primary intraocular malignancy in kids
Retinoblastoma
Javal’s rule
Total refractive astigmatism = (1.25)(corneal astigmatism) + (-0.50D ATR)
*if WTR use + (+0.50 WTR)
What is seg inset
MRP to center of bifocal segment
SE of Amiodarone
Whorl K (CHAI-T)
ASC deposits
NAION (VIAgra)
Drug SEs
- pseudotumor
- NAION
CAATSS = pseudotumor
- oral contraceptives
- accutane
- vit A deficiency
- tetracyclines
- synthroid
- steroids
- naladixic acid
VIAgra = NAION
- viagra/venlaxafine
- imatrex
- amiodarone
Drug SEs
- optic neuritis
- bull’s eye mac
DICE = optic neuritis
- digoxin
- isoniazid
- chloramphenicol/contraceptives
- ethambutol
Bull’s eye: Some People Can’t Handle The Bull
- stargardt’s
- progressive cone dystrophy
- hydroxy/chloroquine
- thioridazine
MRSA drugs
Bacteria Can’t Decide Today
- bactrim
- clindamycin
- doxycyline
- TMP (polytrim)
Visual cycle
1) Light abs by PR transforms 11-cis AL -> all-trans AL
2) moved into cytoplasm where all-trans AL -> all-trans OL
3) transported to RPE where all-trans OL -> 11-cis OL
4) 11-cis OL oxidized to 11-cis AL
5) shuttled back to PR for re-use
Lensometry equation
X = (f^2)(Fv)
Distance target moved (meters) = focal length of standard lens squared (meters) * back vertex power of spec lens
Causes of
- respiratory acidosis
- respiratory alkalosis
- metabolic acidosis
- metabolic alkalosis
RAcid: hypoventilation, high CO2
RAlk: hyperventilation, low CO2
MAcid: diarrhea, low bicarb
MAlk: vomiting, antacids, high bicarb
Example causes of entropion
Involutional
Cicatricial: trachoma, phemphigoid, stevens-johnson, chemical burns, surgery, trichiasis, dischitiasis
Congenital
Which glaucoma drug most often provides the greatest decr in IOP
PGAs (30%)
*BBs (25%), alpha2 ag and CAIs (18%)
Arterial supply to lacrimal sac
Dorsal nasal artery
Order/list abbe values
- poly
- crown glass
- trivex
- CR39
Crown glass = 58.9
CR-39 = 58
Trivex = 44
Polycarb = 30
On-center bipolar cells vs Off-center
ON center = inhib by glutamate, hyperpol in dark, depol in light
OFF center = excited by glutamate, depol in dark, hyperpol in light
Precursors
- tyrosine
- glycine
- arginine
- tryptophan
- glutamine
Tyrosine (derived from phenylalanine) -> epi, norepi, dopamine (catecholamines)
Glycine -> porphyrins (heme)
Arginine -> nitric oxide
Tryptophan -> serotonin
Glutamine -> nucleotide synthesis
Causes of SLK
Dry eye
TED
CLS wear
Foveation with short vs prolonged head movements
Foveation with moving object, still head
Short = VOR
Prolonged = OK reflex
Object moving = pursuits, OK nystagmus
Oral CAI contraindications
(Zolamides) Severe COPD Liver/renal dz Pregnancy Sulfa allergies
Hyperopia and emmetropization
If original hyperopia (5yo) is 0.50-1.25 D, the pt will most likely be emmetropic at age 14
If less than 0.50, will likely be myopic
If greater than 1.25, hyperopic
Kids
-copy a circle
-crawl
-
3 years
9 mo
Ion channels involved in generating fast ventricular APs in heart (3)
K+
Ca2+
Na+
3 areas of sclera with elastin
Lamina fusca
Lamina cribrosa
Scleral spur
Aplastic anemia
Chloramphenicol
TMP
Acetazolamide
Levofloxacin
Cephalexin
Minocycline
