1 Flashcards
Eyelid layers and contents (8)
1) Skin = thinnest in body, hair, sweat (milia), sebaceous
2) SubQ areolar
3) Orbicularis = palpebral orb oculi
4) Submuscular = levator aponeurosis, palpebral lacrimal gland (produces), arcades
5) Orbital septum = continuous with periorbita (covers orbital bones) and periostium
6) Posterior muscular = superior levator palpebrae muscle, Muller’s (aka superior tarsal), inferior tarsal muscle
7) Tarsal plate = MGs
8) Palpebral conj = epi (goblet cells), stroma (superficial immune, deep fibrous connects to TP)
SE of tetracyclines
Tets are contraindicated in pregnancy due to
- bone growth retardation
- teeth discoloration
- pseudotumor cerebri
Minocycline = blue sclera, conj cysts
Oral aminos = nephro and ototoxicity
Internal hordeola are most commonly due to what microorganism
Staph aureus
Major neural pathways
- pyramidal
- reticulospinal
- tectospinal
Pyramidal = motor (begins precentral gyrus, complicated motor movements)
Reticulospinal = alternative to pyramidal, integrates sensory and motor
Tectospinal = reflexive head movements to visual stimuli, starts superior colliculus
*pyramidAL and spinAL = MOTOR
Major neural pathways
- spinothalamic
- trigeminothalamic
- medial lemniscus
Spinothalamic = pain and temp from body, only crossover not in medulla (crosses in spinal cord/neck)
Trigeminothalamic = pain and temp from face
Medial lemniscus = touch, pressure, vibration from body
*thalamic and lemniscus = SENSORY
Define sensitivity and specificity
PPV and NPV
Sens = ability of a test to accurately detect the pt has the dz
Spec = ability of a test to accurately detect the pts without the dz
PPV = if tested positive, likelihood that’s true
NPV = if tested negative, likelihood that’s true
Describe the movement of ions in the cornea
K+ moved from stroma into AH
Na+ into epi/endo
Cl- out of epi/endo, water follows
Bicarb out of endo
Lasers used for
- PRP
- LPI
- SLT
- ALT
PRP: argon, krypton
LPI: NdYAG, argon,
SLT: NdYAG
ALT: argon
Circle of Willis components (5)
Cerebrals: PCA, ACA
Communicating: PcA, AcA
Internal carotid
Responsibilities of parvo and magno pathways
P: shape, color, detail, size
M: motion
Retinal layer blood supply
RPE to OPL = choroid (S/LPCAs)
OPL to ILM = CRA
- NFL = CWS, NTG/drance, flame
- INL = larger, dot/blot
*i.e. inner retina = CRA
Color vision is determined by what response
Relative response of PRs based on number of photons absorbed
CO2 can be transported how (3)
Bound to hemoglobin
In the form of bicarb
Dissolved in blood plasma
Hyperopia
- facultative
- absolute
- manifest
- latent
F: can be neutralized by accomm
A: cannot be overcome by accomm
M: present on subjective refraction
L: amount that the pt accomm thru, thus doesn’t show on manifest
All of the following can leave the filtrate in the DCT except: Na+ Ca2+ Cl- H2O
H2O
High risk characteristics of PDR
NVD >1/4DD within 1DD of optic nerve
NVD/E assoc with preretinal or vitreous hemorrhage
Amount of light lost to reflection on front surface lens
R = [(n2-n1) ÷ (n2+n2)]^2
Binocular visual processing begins at which location of the visual pathway
Visual cortex
Which test can be used to differentiate phoria and tropia
Unilateral CT
What gram neg organism is the most common cause of bacterial keratitis in CLS wearers
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Which of the following anticholinergic drugs may decr tear secretion from the main lacrimal gland Isotretinoin Diuretics Oral contraceptive Antihistamines
Antihistamines
*only anticholinergic listed!
Describe these types of vergences
- tonic
- proximal
- fusional
- accommodative
T: position of rest at distance (-)stimulus
P: awareness of near target (small, usually ignored)
F: retinal image disparity, helps compensate for phoria, analogous to motor fusion
A: initiated by blur
Dry eye overall breakdown
Aqueous deficient (10%)
-Sjogrens = primary, secondary
-Non-Sjogrens:
—primary = age (#1, effect on ducts)
—secondary = Attacked, Blocked, Cut nerves
-testing: schirmer, phenol red, tear meniscus
Evaporative (60%)
- intrinsic = MGD (#1 overall), lip position disorders (proptosis, nocturnal lagophthalmos), low blink rate
- extrinsic = cls, vit deficiency
- testing: meibomography, expression
General DE = TBUT, tear lab
Cause of rhegmatogenous RDs
Full-thickness retinal break
- atrophic hole
- tractional tear
Which type of HSK is due to direct invasion of the virus
Necrotizing
List the 2 soft steroids
FML
Lotemax/loteprednol (safest bc ester-based)
Actions of insulin
Increases
- glucose taken up by fat/musc
- glycogenesis (glucose storage as glycogen)
- lipogenesis
- amino acid uptake and protein synth
Decreases
- glycogenolysis
- gluconeogenesis
- protein degradation
AHA defines HTN as what BP
130/80
Total inset
Distance from geometrical optical center to near optical center
(frame PD - pt near PD) ÷ 2
Index of refraction and abbe number
- crown glass
- CR-39
- polycarb
- trivex
Crown glass
n = 1.523
Abbe = 58.9
CR-39
n = 1.498
Abbe = 58
Polycarb
n = 1.586
Abbe = 30
Trivex
n = 1.53
Abbe = 44
Associations with episcleritis
70% idiopathic
30% associated with systemic condns
- RA
- SLE
- UCRAP
- herpes
- acne rosacea
- syphilis
- temporal arteritis
What is found in 40x higher [] in vitreous vs blood
What is in lower []
Vit C
Amino acids
