Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine > 2-5-16-Endocrine Pancreas (Lopez) > Flashcards

2-5-16-Endocrine Pancreas (Lopez) Flashcards

1
Q

___ permits rapid cell-to-cell communication between alpha cells, beta cells, and alpha to beta cells

A

Gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

___ blood from the beta cells carries insulin to the alpha and delta cells

A

Venous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Insulin is a ____ hormone made of 2 straight chains linked by disulfide bridges

A

Peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

___ has 4 peptides (signal peptide, A and B chains of insulin, and a connecting peptide (C peptide))

A

Preproinsulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

___ does not have a signal peptide, the C peptide is still attached to insulin, disulfide bridges form in the ER (folded form of insulin), packaged in secretory vesicles in the golgi, and proteases cleave this during packaging

A

Proinsulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

___ is used to test beta cell function in T1D patients receiving insulin injections

A

C peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

___ drugs promote the closing of ATP-dependent K+ channels and leads to increased insulin secretion. It can be used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

A

Sulfonylurea, i.e., tolbutamide and glyburide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Glucose stimulates insulin secretion in a ____ manner

A

Biphasic

See slide 11 for graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Insulin facilitates glucose uptake in some tissues by inserting this transporter ___ and insulin is required for glucose uptake in ___ tissues

A

GLUT 4

Adipose, resting skeletal muscle, and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the major effects of insulin in skeletal muscle?

A
  • Increase glucose uptake –> increases GLUT4 transporter
  • Increase glycogen synthesis –> increase hexokinase (glucokinase in liver) and activate glycogen synthase
  • Increase glycolysis and Carb oxidation –> increase hexokinase, PFKase, and pyruvate DHase
  • Decrease gluconeogenesis
  • Increase protein synthesis and decreas protein breakdown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What effect does insulin have on triglyceride uptake in adipose tissue?

A

Insulin has a stimulatory effect on the uptake of TGs via lipoprotein lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What effect does insulin have on the uptake of FA’s in adipose tissue?

A

Stimulatory effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

WHat role does insulin play in the conversion of TG’s to glycerol via hormone sensitive lipase?

A

Inhibits hormone sensitive lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

WHat effect does insulin have in the uptake of glucose and conversion to a-Glycerol-P in adipose tissue?

A

Stimulatory effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q 
What effect does insulin have on blood levels of the following:
A-Glucose
B-FA's
c-Ketoacids
D-AA's
A

All decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What effect does insulin have on the following in the liver?
A-Glucokinase
B-Glycogen synthesis
C-Glucose-6-phosphatase (glucose release/gluconeogenesis)
D-Glycolysis
E-Triglyceride storage and export
F-Protein synthesis

A 
a-Increase
B-Increase
C-Decrease
D-Increase
E-Increase
F-Increase protein synthesis, decrease protein degradation
17
Q

What effect does insulin have on the following in adipose tissue?
A-GLUT4 transporters
B-Glycolysis
c-Triglycerides (specifically hormone sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase)

A

A-Increase
B-Increase –> increase alpha-glyercol-phosphate, increase acetyl coa, increase FA synthesis
C-Increase –> decrease HSL, increase LPL

18
Q 
What effect does insulin have on the following in skeletal muscle?
A-GLUT4 transporters
B-Glycogen synthesis
C-Glycolysis
D-Protein synthesis and degradation
e-Triglycerides
A 
A-Increase
B-increase
C-increase
D-Increase synthesis, decrease degradation
E-Increase (FA's from circulation)
19
Q

What are some inhibitory factors of insulin?

A 
Decrease blood glucose
Fasting
Exercise
Somatostatin
Alpha-adrenergic agonists
Diazoxide
20
Q

___ is characterized by inadequate insulin secretion, destruction of beta cells, often as the result of autoimmune disease

A

Type I DM

21
Q

Describe the levels of the following in Type I DM:
A-Blood [glucose]
B-Blood [FA] and [ketoacid]
C-[AA]

A

A-Increase –> decrease glucose uptake, decreased glucose utilization, increased gluconeogenesis

B-Increase –> decreased FA synthesis, decrease TG synthesis, Increased TG breakdown, increased level of circulating Free FA, increase conversion of FA to ketoacids and decreased ketoacid utilization by tissues (results in DKA: metabolic acidosis)

C-Increase –> increase protein breakdown, decreased protein synthesis, increased catabolism of AA (loss of lean body mass), increased ureagenesis

22
Q

What happens to K+ due to the effects on insulin in type 1 DM??

A

Hyperkalemia –> shift K+ out of the cell: IC [K+] is low, lack of insulin effect on Na/K ATPase

Even though plasma levels may be above normal, total body K+ is usually below normal due to the polyuria and dehydration

23
Q

What happens to GLUT4 uptake of glucose in response to insulin release in Type 2 DM?

A

Decreased

24
Q

What happens to HSL and LPL in adipose tissue in Type 2 DM?

A

Inability of insulin to repress HSL or increase LPL in adipose tissue

25
Q

What are some insulin secretagogue treatment options for type 2 DM?

A

Sulonylurea drugs and Incretin analog of GLP-1 (exenatide); injection needed

26
Q

What are some treatment options for the slow absorption of carbohydrates in pts with Type 2 DM?

A

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose, miglitol)

Amylin analogs (pramlintide)

27
Q

What are some insulin sensitizers to treat type 2 DM?

A

Biguanide drugs (metformin): upregulate insulin receptors on target tissues

28
Q

To obtain [glucose] in mg/dL, multiply the value in mmol/L by ___

A

18

29
Q

Glucagon is a member of a family of peptides that includes the GI hormones ____

A

Secretin and GIP

30
Q

What are some stimulatory factors of glucagon secretion?

A
  • decreased blood glucose
  • increased AAs (arginine and alanine)
  • Fasting
  • CCK
  • B-adrenergic agonists
  • Ach
31
Q

What are inhibitory factors of glucagon?

A
  • Insulin secretion
  • Somatostatin
  • Increase [FA] and [ketoacid]
32
Q

What effect does glucagon have on glycogenolysis?

A

Increases –> inhibits glycogen formation from glucose

33
Q

What effect does glucagon have on gluconeogenesis?

A

Increases gluconeogenesis by decreasing the production of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

34
Q

What effect does blood glucagon levels have on the following?
A-blood Glucose
b-FAs
C-Ketoacids

A

All increase

35
Q

List examples of Incretin hormones

A

Intestine-derived hormones –> GLP-1, GIP

Have a short 1/2 life and secreted in response to GI glucose and fat

36
Q

What effect does incretin hormones have on insulin secretion? Glucagon secretion? Gastric emptying?

A

Simulates insulin secretion
Inhibits glucagon secretion
Slow gastric emptying

37
Q

___ is ~60-65% of the islet of langerhans, secretes insulin and C peptide, and tends to be located in the peripheral core

___ is ~20% of the islet, secretes glucagon, and tends to be peripherally located

___ is ~5% of the islet and secretes somatostatin. Also have a neuronal appearance and send dendrite-like processes to cells that secrete insulin

A

Beta cells

Alpha cells

Delta cells–> interspersed between alpha and beta cells

Endocrine (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions