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Endocrine > 2-1-16-Histology Of Pituitary, Hypothalamus, & Pineal (Cole) > Flashcards

2-1-16-Histology Of Pituitary, Hypothalamus, & Pineal (Cole) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A

Supraoptic

Paraventricular

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2
Q

This hypothalamic nucleus primarily produces ADH

A

Supraoptic

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3
Q

This hypothalamic nucleus primarily produces oxytocin:

A

Paraventricular

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4
Q

The hypothalamus releases ____ which stimulates release of prolactin and thyrotropin (AKA Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

A

Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH)

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5
Q

The hypothalamus releases ___ which stimulates release of FSH and LH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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6
Q

The hypothalamus releases ___ which stimulates release of ACTH

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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7
Q

The hypothalamus releases ___ which stimulates release of GH

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

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8
Q

The hypothalamus releases ____ which inhibits release of GH and TSH

A

Somatostatin

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9
Q

The hypothalamus releases ___ which inhibits release of Prolactin

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) AKA Dopamine

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10
Q

The anterior pituitary is stimulated by TRH from the hypothalamus to release ___ which stimulates thyroid production of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones

A

Prolactin and Thyrotropin (AKA TSH)

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11
Q

The anterior pituitary is stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus to release ___ which stimulates follicular development (ovaries) and spermatogenesis (testes). ___ is also released from the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH which stimulates ovulation, estrogen production (ovaries) & testosterone production (testes)

A

FSH and LH

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12
Q

The anterior pituitary is stimulated by CRH from the hypothalamus to released ___ which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

A

ACTH

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13
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

In the SELLA TURCICA within the SPHENOID BONE of the skull. It is posterior to the OPTIC CHIASM

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14
Q

____ is dura mater that extends over and covers the pituitary within the sella turcica

A

Sellar diaphragm

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15
Q

___ is a pituitary tumor > 1 cm diameter (macroadenoma) present with symptoms due to mass effect.

A

Nonfunctional pituitary adenoma

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16
Q

Compression of the optic chiasm in nonfunctional pituitary adenoma leads to ___

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia (issues with peripheral vision)

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17
Q

Compression of the pituitary from nonfunctional pituitary adenoma can lead to ____

A

Hypopituitarism

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18
Q

In pituitary embryogenesis, ___ becomes anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and ___ becomes posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

Oral ectoderm

Neuroectoderm

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19
Q

The regressing stalk of Rathke’s pouch can leave residual tissue, which may become a tumor called a _____

A

Craniopharyngioma

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20
Q

___ is a benign childhood brain tumor that is usually suprasellar. It is similar to pituitary adenomas, can compress the optic chiasm and cause bitemporal hemianopsia.

A

Craniopharyngioma

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21
Q

A craniopharyngioma is derived from remnant’s of ___; often contains cystic spaces and calcifications

A

Rathke’s pouch

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22
Q

List the components of the adenohypophysis

A

Pars distalis (anteior portion)

Pars tuberalis (surrounds infundibular stalk)

Pars intermedia (division between anterior and posterior)

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23
Q

List the components of the neurohypophysis

A

Pars nervosa

Infundibular stalk

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24
Q

___ is the largest portion of the pituitary gland (75%) and is made up of Glandular epithelial cells, Fenestrated capillaries (sinusoids), and some CT stroma

A

Pars distalis (pars anterior)

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25
Q

List the Adenohypophysis hormones:

A 
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH

FLAT PiG

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26
Q

___ cells of the pars distalis (pars anterior) have granules in the cells that readily take up H&E stain. These cells are divided into acidpohils and basophils

A

Chromophils (CHroma=color + philein=to love)

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27
Q

___ cells of the pars distalis (pars anterior) do not take up stain and lack affinity. The nuclei are the only visible component and do NOT produce hormones (unknown function)

A

Chromophobes

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28
Q

____ stain with basic dye (purple/blue and darker with H&E)

____ stain with acidic dye (Pink with H&E)

A

Basophils

Acidpohils

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29
Q

Gonadotrophs synthesize ____

Corticotrophs synthesize ____

Thyrotrophs synthesize ____

A

Gonadotropins (FSH, LH)

Adenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Thyrotropin (TSH)

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30
Q

Mammotrophs synthesize ____

Somatotrophs synthesize ____

A

Prolactin

GH

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31
Q

Gonaotrophs, corticotrophs, and thyrotrophs stain with ____

Mammotrophs and somatotrophs stain with ___

A

Basic dye

Acidic dye

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32
Q

___ stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production in females; it stimulates sertoli cells to produce sperm in males

A

FSH

33
Q

FSH can be feedback inhibited by ___

A

Inhibin and by estrogen in females

34
Q

___ triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone in females; it promotes Leydig cell production of testosterone in males

A

LH

35
Q

LH is feedback inhibited by ___

A

Estrogen & progesterone in females and testosterone in males

36
Q

___ stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids and androgens

A

ACTH

37
Q

ACTH is feedback inhibited by ___

A

Glucocorticoids (i.e., cortisol)

38
Q

___ stimulates thyroid gland to release T3 and T4 –> Control of metabolism

A

TSH

39
Q

TSH is feedback inhibited by ___

A

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

40
Q

___ stimulates milk production and promotes lactation

A

Prolactin

41
Q

Prolactin inhibits GnRH and thus, ___ and ___

A

FSH

LH

42
Q

Prolactin is feedback inhibited by ___

A

PIH –> dopamine

43
Q

___ indirectly stimulates overall growth of bone and soft tissue via production of Insulin-like growth factors 1 (IGF-1) aka Somatomedin

A

GH

44
Q

GH is feedback inhibited by:

A
  • Somatostatin
  • Feedback inhibition by GH and IGF-1
  • Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, emotional deprivation
45
Q

___ is between pars distalis and pars nervosa and has an unknown function. It frequently has a cleft (remnant of Rathke’s) and consists of small basophils and colloid-filled follicles lined by pale cuboidal cells

A

Pars intermedia

46
Q

___ suspends the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus

A

Infundibulum

47
Q

___ surrounds the infundibular stalks (part of anterior pituitary) and is a component of the infundibulum

A

Pars tuberalis

48
Q

___ is the neural portion of the infundibulum and is part of the posterior pituitary

A

Infundibular stalk

49
Q

___ is a thin neural stalk connecting the median eminence of the hypothalamus to the pars nervosa

A

Infundibular stalk

50
Q

What are the 2 parts of the infundibular stalk?

A

Median eminence and Infundibular process

51
Q

What are the neurohypophysis hormones?

A

ADH and Oxytocin

52
Q

___ of the pars nervosa are glial-like cells and appear to support numerous unmyelinated nerve fibers traveling from the hypothalamus

A

Pituicytes

53
Q

___ of the pars nervosa are expanded axon terminals filled with the stored neurohypophysis hormones (ADH and oxytocin)

A

Herring bodies

54
Q

____ is primarily produced by the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus and regulates serum osmolarity (via V2-receptors in DCT and CD –> causes water retention and concentrates urine. It is also a potent vasoconstrictor at high doses (via V1-receptors)

A

ADH

55
Q

ADH release is regulated by ___

A

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors and baroreceptors

56
Q

___ is primarily produced by paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and functions to contract smooth muscle, i.e., uterine contractions during labor & after to contract uterus back down to normal size as well as facilitate milk ejection via breast myoepithelial cells

A

Oxytocin –> “Feel good hormone”

57
Q

Pituitary blood supply is via ___ artery

A

Internal carotid

58
Q

___ arteries are off of the internal carotid artery and supply median eminence and infundibulum

___ arteries are off of the internal carotid arterty and supply the pars nervosa

A

Superior hypophyseal

Inferior hypophyseal

59
Q

Superior hypophyseal arteries give rise to the ___ which collects hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones

A

Primary capillary plexus

60
Q

The primary capillary plexus is drained by ___ veins and delivers blood into the secondary capillary plexus (in pars distalis). These collect anterior pituitary secretions and sends them into circulation via fenestrated capillaries

A

Hypophyseal portal

61
Q

Inferior hypophyseal arteries give rise to the ___ which supplies and collects hormones from posterior pituitary (ADH and oxytocin) and sends them into circulation via their own hypophyseal veins

A

3rd capillary plexus

62
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the anterior pituitary gland secreting hormones:

A

Anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones –> diffuse into capillaries –> venous sinuses (petrosal and cavernous)

63
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the posterior pituitary secreting hormones:

A

Posterior pituitary gland secretes hormones –> diffuse into capillaries –> hypophyseal veins –> venous sinuses (petrosal and cavernous)

64
Q

The pineal glands develops from a posterior outpocketing of the roof of the ____

A

Diencephalon in midline of 3rd ventricle

65
Q

___ main functions are to manufacture melatonin and serotonin

A

Pineal gland

66
Q

The pineal gland does not have a direct nerve connection to the brain. Rather, it is regulated postganglionic sympathetics from ___

A

Superior cervical ganglion

67
Q

The pineal gland contains a capsule derive from ___ and is made up of pinealocytes, neuroglial cells, calcified granular material (brain sand), and contains NO NEURONS

A

Pia mater

68
Q

___ are neuron-like, have large, pale, irregular nuclei, are regulated by B-adrenergic receptors, and their main function is production of melatonin and serotonin

A

Pinealocytes

69
Q

___ are interstitial cells, have smaller and dense nuclei, and support pinealocytes

A

Neuroglial cells

70
Q

Melatonin is synthesized from this AA:

A

Tryptophan

71
Q

Melatonin acts to delay sexual development until puberty by inhibiting __ and __ secretion

A

GnRH

GH

72
Q

When puberty arrives, melatonin production will ___

A

Decrease

73
Q

Pineal tumors are linked to ___

A

Precocious puberty (Decreases melatonin –> early sexual maturity)

74
Q

Melatonin can be used for treatment of:

A

Jet lag –> disrupted circadian rhythm

Seasonal affective disorder –> help regulate emotional responses due to decreased daylight during winter

Insomnia

75
Q

Where is the location of the hypothalamus?

A

Floor of the DIENCEPHALON

Forms part of the wall of the 3rd ventricle

76
Q

___ is characterized by a delayed/absent puberty and anosmia (no sense of smell), hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, and prevents migration of GnRH neurons to arcuate nucleus and olfactory neurons to olfactory bulb

A

Kallman syndrome

77
Q

___ is due to loss of feedback control of GH secretion or to GH-secreting tumor in the pituitary (adenoma)

A

Pituitary gigantism

78
Q

___ is due to an excessive adult production of GH. It is characterized by growth of the face (prognathism), hands and feet, and increase in viscera and is due to loss of feedback control of GH secretion or to GH-secreting tumor in the pituitary.

A

Acromegaly

79
Q

___ is growth retardation resulting in abnormally short adult stature. It is caused by a variety of hereditary and metabolic disorders.

A

Pituitary dwarfism–> caused by insufficient GH

Problem can be in hypothalamus or pituitary

Endocrine (14 decks)

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