2⃣.2⃣ethinic Differences In Achievement) External Factors

Question 0

Name the two main aspects of inadequate socialisation in the home

Answer 0

⚫️intellectual and language skills

⚫️attitudes, values and family structure

Question 1

Name the main external factors affecting ethnic differences in achievement

Answer 1

⚫️cultural deprivation

⚫️material deprivation and class

⚫️racism in wider society

Question 2

Describe how intellectual and language skills causes inadequate socialisation in the home

Answer 2

⚫️cultural deprivation theory claims 
➡️children from low income black families 
➡️lack intellectual stimulation 
➡️so fail to develop
➡️reasoning and problem solving skills 

⚫bereter and Englemann claim
➡️language of poorer black american families
➡️is ungrammatical and disjointed
➡️so children unable to express abstract ideas
➡️a major barrier to educational progress

⚫️some claim children who do not speak english at home
➡️held back educationally

Question 3

Give an evaluation of intellectual and language skills

Answer 3

⚫️swann report
➡️language not major factor in underachievement
➡️negative effect likely to be temporary
➡️indian pupils do well despite not speaking english at home

Question 4

What may the differences in attitudes and values towards education be the result of

Answer 4

Socialisation

Question 5

What is resulted when children are socialised in the mainstream culture

Answer 5

⚫competitiveness
⚫️desire for achieve
⚫️thus equipping them for success in education

Question 6

Name 5 different attitudes values and family structure

Answer 6

⚫️fatalism and immediate gratification

⚫️lack of male role model

⚫️culture of poverty

⚫️impact of slavery

⚫️asian families

Question 7

Explain the impact of fatalism and immediate gratification in achievement

Answer 7

⚫️cultural deprivation theorists claim
➡️socialised subculture of black children
➡️fatalistic and focussed on immediate gratification
➡️cause lack of motivation to succeed

Question 8

Explain the impact of lack of male role model on achievement

Answer 8

Lack of male role model at home
➡️african Caribbean boys
Turn to anti educational macho gang culture

⚫️new right - murray
➡️high rate of lone parenthood
➡️and lack of positive male role model
➡️lead to underachievement of minority pupils

Question 9

Give an evaluation of the lack of male role model

Answer 9

⚫️connor
➡️minority ethnic parents
➡️place higher value on education
➡️than white parents

⚫️sewell
➡️only minority of african Caribbean boys
➡️weren anti-school

Question 10

Explain the impact of culture of poverty on achievement

Answer 10

⚫️moynihan
➡️absence of male role model of
➡achievement in matrifocal lone parent families
➡️produce inadequately socialised children
➡who fail at school
➡️become inadequate parents themselves
➡️and continue a culture of poverty

Question 11

Explain the impact on slavery on achievement

Answer 11

⚫️pryce
➡️black Caribbean culture is less resistant to racism
➡because of experience of slavery
➡️causes them to have low self esteem and under achieve

Question 12

Explain the impact of asian families on achievement

Answer 12

⚫️khan
➡️asian families is an obstacle to achievement
➡️especially for girls
➡️takes a controlling attitude towards them
➡️so they do less well than boys

Question 13

Give an evaluation of impact on asian families on achievement

Answer 13

⚫️some argue asian family
➡️more positive attitude towards education

➡️adult authority in them
➡️similar to that in school

➡️so asian parent more likely than white parents
➡️to support school behaviour policies

Question 14

Explain why white working class pupils underachieve

Answer 14

⚫️have lower aspirations than many other ethnic groups
➡️due to white working class culture
➡️including lack of parental support

Question 15

Name recent sociologists who support the view of white working class pupils underachieving

Answer 15

⚫️lupton

⚫️evans

Question 16

Describe luptons evidence of white working class pupils underachieving

Answer 16

⚫️studied four mainly w/c schools
➡️with different ethnic compositions
➡️teacher reported poorer levels of behaviours and discipline
➡️in the white w/c schools
➡️linked to lower levels of
➡️parental support and negative attitudes of white w/c parents towards education

Question 17

Describe evans recent evidence to support the view that white working class pupils are underachieving

Answer 17

⚫️street culture in white w/c areas
➡️can be brutal
➡️brought into school
➡️causes strong pressure to reject education

Question 18

Explain what compensatory education is

Answer 18

⚫️educational policy
➡️aim to counter the effect of cultural deprivation
➡️e.g

⚫️operation head start
➡️USA established to compensate children
➡️for the culture deficit
➡️said to suffer because of deprived backgrounds

⚫️sure start
➡️in UK aims to support development of
➡️pre-school children in deprived areas

Question 19

Explain how compensatory education is based on the assumption that under achievement is caused by cultural deprivation rather than any other factors

Answer 19

⚫️

Question 20

Name the criticism of cultural deprivation

Answer 20

⚫️victim blaming

⚫️cultural exclusion

⚫️cultural domination

Question 21

Explain why victim blaming is a criticism of cultural deprivation

Answer 21

⚫️keddie argues
➡️its a victim blaming explanation

➡️minority ethnic group children
➡️are culturally different
➡️not culturally deprived

➡️underachieve because school ethnocentric

Question 22

Explain how cultural exclusion is a criticism of cultural deprivation

Answer 22

⚫️bell argues
➡️minority ethnic group parents
➡️are at a disadvantage
➡️less aware of how to negotiate with the British education system

➡️results to cultural exclusion
➡️rather than cultural deprivation

➡Gewirts
➡️complex school application forms
➡️example of cultural exclusion practices in some school

Question 23

Explain how cultural domination os a criticism of cultural deprivation

Answer 23

⚫️compensatory education
➡️imposes dominant white middle class culture
➡️on minority ethnic group pupils own culture

Question 24

What does material deprivation mean

Answer 24

⚫️lack of physical or economic resources
➡️essential for normal life in society

⚫️material deprivations explanations of ethnic differences in achievement
➡️argue that educational failure
➡️is the result of material factors
➡️such as substandard housing and low income
➡️ethnic minority more likely to face these problems

Question 25

State the evidence that shows ethnic minorities are more likely to fact the problems of material deprivation of housing and low income

Answer 25

⚫️Pakistanis and Bangladeshis
➡️more likely than whites to be poor

⚫️for many minority
➡️unemployment higher
➡️pay is lower
➡️overcrowding in house likely

⚫️swan report
➡️social class accounts for
➡️half of the difference in educational achievement
➡️between ethnic groups

⚫️lowest achieving minority ethnic groups
➡️are those with lowest social class position
➡️e.g. Bangladeshi and Pakistani pupils
➡️more likely to be working class
➡️more likely to do worse
➡️compared with indian and white pupils

Question 26

What is racism in wider society

Answer 26

⚫️

Question 27

Give three examples of racism in wider society and how it’ll lead to underachievement

Answer 27

⚫️