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Spring '14-148 (Exam 1) > 2/18/14 Ch. 3-Lecture 4 > Flashcards

2/18/14 Ch. 3-Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

When searching for articles in databases, what could you do to narrow your search down?

A
  • Use key words
  • Combine words and phrases
  • Conduct more than one search
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2
Q

What is research design?

A

Tactics used to carry out the strategy

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3
Q

What is quantitative research?

A
  • Time-honored method of empirical investigation
  • Observations can be measured
  • results expressed numerically
  • it defines phenomena, investigates causal relations or associations
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4
Q

What is qualitative research?

A
  • analyzing concrete cases
  • It’s temporal (contextually based)
  • Looks at local issues (local particularity)
  • Begins with people’s expressions and activities within their own context (i.e., feminism- the personal is political)
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5
Q

What is the mixed method?

A
  • results presented as quantities or numbers
  • Forma
  • objective
  • systematic process in which numerical data are used as evidence to test hypotheses
  • refine theories
  • advance knowledge
  • technique and practice
  • manipulate variables
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6
Q

In regards to quantitative research, what is an independent variable (cause)?

A

The conditions that cause change in behavior (i.e., drug, treatment, therapy)

  • It is decided what is varied (or manipulated) during the experiment; what the investigator thinks will affect the dependent variable
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7
Q

In regards to quantitative research, what is a dependent variable (effect/outcome)?

A

The behavior that is changed

  • It will be decided what will ben eased; what the investigator thinks will be affected during the experiment
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8
Q

t/f

Independent variable is the presumed cause of the dependent variable, the presumed effect?

A

True

Because IV is the conditions that cause change in behavior and DV is that the behavior has changed.

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9
Q

What is the IV and the DV?

Can blueberries slow down aging?

A study indicates that antioxidants found in blueberries may
slow down the process of aging.

In this study, 19-month old rats (equivalent to 60-year old
humans) were fed either their standard diet or a diet
supplemented by either blueberry, strawberry, or spinach
powder.

After eight weeks, the rats were given memory and
motor tests.

A

IV= diet: blueberries or no blueberries

DV= memory test and motor skills test

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10
Q

Which is the IV and the DV?

Does beta-carotene protect against cancer?

Beta-carotene supplements have been thought to protect against
cancer. However, a study published in the Journal of the National
Cancer Institute suggests this is false. The study was conducted
with 39,000 women aged 45 and up. These women were randomly
assigned to receive a beta-carotene supplement or a placebo3 , and
their health was studied over their lifetime.

A

IV= supplements: beta-carotene or placebo

DV= occurrence of cancer

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11
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

Also known as a third variable or a mediator variable, can adversely affect the relation between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

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12
Q

t/f

a confounding variable may cause the researcher to analyze the result incorrectly?

A

True

The results may show a false correlation between the dependent and independent variable

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13
Q

Does causation equal correlation?

A

No

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14
Q

What must we do in regards to extraneous/confounding variables?

A
  • you must control extraneous variable (i.e., restrict study to 2d graders)
  • Must demonstrate that IVs were responsible for DVs
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15
Q

What is an active variable?

A

IV that can be manipulated (i.e., intensity of a tone being presented or dosage of pagaclone or the quantity (volume) of coffee consumed)

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16
Q

What is an attribute variable?

A

cannot be manipulated (i.e., subject characteristics like age, sex, IQ, etc.)

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17
Q

What is a continuous variable?

A

It is measured along a continuum or dimension that reflects at least the rank ordering of values of the variable (ie., intensity of a tone, stuttering frequency)

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18
Q

What is a categorical (discrete) variable?

A

different values but are only named, there is no numerical value (i.e., stutters or non-stutters, sex, race, level of education, etc.)

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19
Q

As a researcher, what do we want to do?

A
  • maintain control

- control for errors

20
Q

What are 4 general characteristics that unify those who conduct experimental research?

A
  1. Experimenters start with some purpose, question, or hypothesis that allows them to know when to observe certain specific aspects of behavior
  2. Experimenters can control the occurrence of events and thus observe changes in behavior when they are best per pated to make the observations because of this
  3. Experimenters (or others) can repeat these observations under the same conditions; and, because they can control the conditions of observation
  4. Experimenters can systematically manipulate certain condition to measure the effects of these manipulations on behavior
21
Q

What is bivalent?

A

Two variables one IV and one DV (i.e., intensity of two tones)

22
Q

What is multivalent?

A

Several values of IV on the DV. It gives broader picture of relationship between IV and DV

23
Q

What is parametric experiments?

A

They study simultaneous effects of more than one IV on DV

24
Q

In a parametric experiment, what is the second IV called?

A

A parameter variable

25
Q

t/f

in regards to experimental research, it is rare to find a single IV that can account for the entire cause for change in any DV?

A

True

26
Q

t/f

it is not important to design experiments that examine simultaneous effects of many relevant IVs that may cause change to DV?

A

False

27
Q

What is descriptive research used for?

A

Used to observe group difference, developmental trends, or relationships among variables that can be measured.

28
Q

What does descriptive research provide?

A
  • empirical picture that was observed at one time
    or
  • observed changes over time without manipulation of IVs
29
Q

Does descriptive research fit into quantitative or qualitative?

A

Neither.

30
Q

Is descriptive research lead to cause-effect statement?

A

No

31
Q

t/f

descriptive research is an inferior method?

A

It is not necessarily inferior

32
Q

What is descriptive research interested in?

A

Behaviors as they occur naturally

33
Q

What are variables called under descriptive research?

A

Attributes and they cannot be manipulated

34
Q

FYI-

In regards to descriptive research the classification variable and predictor variables are similar to IVs and DV.

Criterion variables and predicted variables are similar to DV.

A

.

35
Q

What does speech-language research typically use?

A

A combination of experimental and descriptive research

36
Q

what is comparative research?

A

measure behavior of two or more types of subjects at one point in time to draw similarities or differences

i.e., Compare speech production of one group with the production of another group

37
Q

What is developmental research?

A

Measures changes in behavior or characteristics of people over time, usually to examine impact of maturation/aging

i.e., physiological development of breathing in infants

38
Q

What is correlational research?

A

studies the relationships among 2 or more variables by examining degree to which change in one variable correspond with another.

There is positive, negative and zero correlation

39
Q

What is survey research?

A

Detailed inspection of the prevalence of conditions, practices or attitudes in a given environment by asking rather than observing them.

Use samples of populations

40
Q

What is retrospective research?

A

examines data already on file before the formulation of the research question

i.e., Clinic records, test data in an IEP, audiograms

41
Q

What is Cross-sectional?

A

subjects from varying age

42
Q

What is longitudinal?

A

Follow same subjects over time

43
Q

What is semi-longitudinal?

A

Divide total age span into several overlapping age spans

44
Q

t/f

many studies are combination of experimental and descriptive strategies?

A

True

45
Q

t/f

many studies are combination of experimental and descriptive strategy

A

true

46
Q

t/f

it is not difficult to classify research articles into mutually exclusive categories of research strategies

A

False, it is difficult to classify research articles into mutually exclusive categories of research strategies.

47
Q

FYI- Experimental in that IVs are manipulated on subjects
that differ on classification variables (sex, age,
pathology) but descriptive in that we cannot
manipulate classification – we cannot cause a disorder.

A

.

Spring '14-148 (Exam 1) (4 decks)

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