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Spring '14-148 (Exam 1) > 1/28/14 Ch. 1-Lecture 1 > Flashcards

1/28/14 Ch. 1-Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we do research?

A
  • To come up with better assessment/therapy techniques

- Way of obtaining information; looking at data

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2
Q

What is a critic?

A
  • One who forms and expresses judgements of the merits, faults, value, or truth of the matter
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3
Q

What is critical review?

A

(critical review) of the research literature helps inform clinical decision making

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4
Q

What role does “research” have in this class and as a future clinician/researcher?

A

In this Class & future SLPs:
- “Clinicians need to have enough familiarity with research to judge whether the claims are reasonable and to determine just how closely the proposed clinical procedures adhere to the research methods and the underlying theory”

  • Critical readers = critical thinkers
  • Critical thinking = foundation of effective professional practice
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5
Q

What is epistemology?

A

The study of the nature and foundation of knowledge

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6
Q

A form of epistemology is a method of tenacity. What is this?

A

People hold firmly to certain beliefs because they have always known them to be true and frequent repetition of the belief enhances its ostensible validity

(Based on Belief)

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7
Q

A form of epistemology is a method of authority. What is this?

A

Accept knowledge from an individual or group of individuals who have been, in some way, designated as authoritative producers of knowledge

(accept knowledge from institutions)

i.e., ask questions/think deeply, don’t just accept information at face value

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8
Q

A form of epistemology is a method of intuition. What is this?

A

Relies on the use of pure reason based on prior assumptions that are considered to be self-evident with little or no consideration given to the role of experience in the acquisition of knowledge

the use of pure reason based on prior method

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9
Q

A form of epistemology is a method of science. What is this?

A

Most powerful and objective method available to gain new knowledge via Scientific Research (Empiricism and Rationalism)

scire= to know

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10
Q

What is empiricism?

A

a philosophical doctrine that knowledge is gained through experience and evidence. Inductive reasoning.

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11
Q

What is rationalism?

A

A philosophy that assumes Knowledge must be gained through the exercise of logical thought. Generally rely on deductive reasoning.

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12
Q

t/f

we want to rely on deductive reasoning?

A

True

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13
Q

Empiricism vs. Rationalism

Which would help you come up with a theory?

A

Rationalism

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14
Q

Empiricism vs. Rationalism

Which would help you support or refute a theory?

A

Empiricism

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15
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

recognition of a problem that can be studied OBJECTIVELY

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16
Q

Through the scientific method, how do we want to collect data?

A

Through observation or experimentation, and then draw conclusions based on analysis of the data

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17
Q

What is basic research under the scientific method?

A

development of knowledge. Provide broad base of knowledge, the foundation for development of practical solutions. theoretical support.

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18
Q

What is applied research under the scientific method?

A

Solve a problem of immediate consequence. Clinical research.

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19
Q

What are the two types of empirical approaches?

A
  • Descriptive

- Experimental

20
Q

What is a descriptive empirical approach?

A

It examines differences, developmental trends, or relationships among factors through objective measures (tests, surveys, naturalistic observations).

21
Q

What is a experimental empirical approach?

A

examines causation through observation of the consequent effects of manipulating certain events or characteristics (variables) under controlled conditions (variables).

22
Q

According to Best & Kahn, 2006 what is scientific theory?

A

Theories are statements formulated to explain phenomena

23
Q

What is scientific theory established through?

A

Empirical and rational inquiry. Empirical facts are meaningless without theoretical framework

24
Q

What is theory?

A

a FORMAL representation of data in minimal number of terms to identify and outline cause and effect relationships. Theories are the ultimate aim of science.

25
Q

What does scientific theory facilitate modeling of phenomena? What are these models?

A

Models may:

  • physical (cadavers, plastic models, animals)
  • conceptual (psycholinguistic models of language)
  • computational (mathematical models)
26
Q

What is a scientific paradigm?

A
  • A group of prominent theories and collective way of identifying problems and investigation. Theories are refined or replaced
  • paradigm shift (germ perspective changed medicine, genetic perspective, Steven Hawkings and black hole)
27
Q

What is strength of theory?

A
  • Accountability (data within its domain),
  • Explanatory Relevance (theory explains occurrences under certain conditions),
  • Testability (must be verifiable and fallible),
  • ability to predict novel or new phenomena,
  • parsimonious (fewest set of assumptions to explain the data I.E., KEEP IT SIMPLE).
28
Q

What is the conduct of scientific research (4 major sections)?

A
  • statement of the problem
  • method of investigation
  • results of investigation
  • conclusions
29
Q

What is the statement of problem of the scientific method?

A
  • Hypothesis of research question, or purpose (lit review- kept short).
  • Rationale through review.
  • Development of an argument.
  • Like a legal case.
30
Q

What is the method of investigation of the scientific method?

A

subjects, materials, procedures. Closely linked to problem. Statement of problem needs to be clear to develop methods and can be replicated.

31
Q

What is results of investigation of the scientific method?

A

What was found. Minimal explanation

32
Q

What is the conclusion of the scientific method?

A

Interpretation of results, theoretical and practical implications.

33
Q

What is evidence-based practices

A

Clinical decision making that integrates:

  • the application of clinical experience and expertise,
  • recognition of the needs and perspectives of the person receiving services, and
  • identification of the best supporting scientific research evidence.
34
Q

What are the three legs of EBP?

A
  • External scientific evidence
  • Client/Patient/Caregiver perspectives
  • clinical expertise/expert opinion
35
Q

What does PICO stand for?

A

Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome

36
Q

What are the three issues that confront clinicians when referencing external evidence in clinical decision making?

A
  1. No clinician has time to perform comprehensive search of journals and textbooks for clinical evidence.
  2. Clinician’s do not often have the ability to evaluate research critically via the levels of evidence used in treatment efficacy.
  3. Relatively little ‘empirical’ research has been conducted.
37
Q

What is the issue with research-practice relationships?

A

Seems to be a disconnect between research and clinical practice

38
Q

T/F

Research in communicative disorders is extremely diverse

A

True

39
Q

T/F

Numerous other fields contribute to the body of research?

A

True but we need to create our own knowledge base and clinical methods to remain distinguished as a health profession rather than a technical field

40
Q

What is a peer-review?

A

Members of the profession review article submissions

41
Q

What is American Library Association?

A

Concept of Information Literacy (IL). It allows individual skills to recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, ad use it effectively.

THIS MAKES NO SENSE!!!

42
Q

Whats a question you can ask regarding the knowledge base of the reader?

A

Do you know enough about a topic area to comprehend/critique an article?

43
Q

What is a primary source?

A

primary source- first appearance of research results in the literature – information in its original form.

44
Q

What is a secondary source?

A

Secondary: in describe, explain, or interpret information contained in the primary source.
Edinburgh Study.

45
Q

What is a tertiary source?

A

Tertiary: information collated from various sources to present a broad or rudimentary overview of a topic.
-Wikipedia.

46
Q

What are the four methods of which knowledge is acquired (epistemology)?

A
  • method of tenacity
  • method of authority
  • method of intuition
  • method of science

Spring '14-148 (Exam 1) (4 decks)

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