2 Flashcards
What’s an anticipated threat
Threats that can be briefed
Anticipated Threats – Known threats expected to affect operations.
(i) Examples of anticipated operational threats: Adverse weather or runway conditions, MST, short flight, runway or departure change, MELs, terrain.
(ii) Examples of anticipated latent threats: Fatigue after a short layover, complacency on a routine takeoff or flight.
What’s an unanticipated threat?
Threat that can’t b briefed
Unanticipated Threats – Threats not planned for or the plan changes, not briefed or the plan is not working as briefed.
(i) Examples of unanticipated operational threats: Aircraft system malfunctions, passenger medical issues, task saturation, security issues.
(ii) Examples of unanticipated latent threats: Fatigue during a long flight, not hearing the descent chimes, complacency.
What are the two categories of errors
Decision error
Skill based error
Decision error definition and causes
(1) Decision errors are often procedural in nature and occur when crewmembers either misapply a procedure or use an inappropriate action that leads to the error.
(2) They are more likely to occur due to: (a) Time pressures (b) Distractions
(c) Lack of experience or knowledge (e.g., when one is faced with a new situation or that exceeds experience level)
Example: Attention placed on a non-critical task, rushing to complete checklists, distractions from outside entities.
Strategy: Slow down. Adequate briefings and communication assist proper decision-making when time constraints or distraction are an issue.
Skill based error definition and example and strategy
Skill-based Errors (1) A skill-based error occurs when crewmembers know the correct procedure, tries to perform it correctly, but unintentionally makes a mistake. Example: Deficiencies in technical proficiency, operating philosophy, or CRM / TEM. Strategy: Enhanced pilot monitoring, cross-checking, and vigilance. When time is limited, set priorities (aviate, navigate, identify, and communicate).
What is an Undesired Aircraft State (UAS) Classification
UAS is defined as an unacceptable condition of an aircraft as a result of a crew error that clearly reduces safety margins and requires use of CRM skills to correct.
What are PM responsibilities?
Primary Responsibilities: Maintain constant situational awareness through monitoring the aircraft’s flight path (including autoflight systems, when engaged), immediately bringing any concern to the PF’s attention, and cross-checking the activities of the PF. Monitoring and intervention by the PM can prevent distractions, inattention, and interruptions from developing into an undesired aircraft state.
Stabilized Approach Criteria By 1,500 ft HAT or the FAF, whichever occurs first:
• Landing gear down
• Flap 3
• Airspeed no greater than 180 kt
The PM will announce any deviations from the above criteria (e.g., “SPEED” or “FLAP”). The PF must take immediate correction action and state, “CORRECTING.”
Stabilized Approach Criteria By 1,000 ft HAT:
• On lateral and vertical profile.
• Airspeed within +15 and -5 kt of VAP
• Sink rate is no greater than 1,000 ft/min; if an approach requires a higher sink rate, a briefing is required.
• The aircraft must be fully configured for landing and the BEFORE LANDING CHECKLIST complete.
When a transient unstable condition or an EGPWS notification occurs at or below 1,000 ft HAT and above 500 ft HAT, the PM states the deviation (e.g., “SPEED” or “SINKRATE”). The PF states “CORRECTING” and makes the proper adjustment. When the deviation from the above criteria is not immediately corrected, the aircraft is considered unstable and a missed approach is mandatory. The PM will command a go-around by announcing “UNSTABLE, GO-AROUND.”
Stabilized Approach Criteria By 500 ft HAT:
• Airspeed established within the bug with adjustments for gust factor applied, if required.
• Thrust levers above idle.
When corrections are not immediately apparent or effective and/or GPWS notifications continue at or below 500 ft HAT, a go-around is mandatory. The PM will command a go-around by announcing “UNSTABLE, GO-AROUND.”
