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Question 1

Michael Chandler

Answer 1

aging = bigger ability to carry out long term plans for their futures.

Question 2

Controlled and Automatic Processing

Answer 2

C: is effortful and relies on a limited capacity system
A: seems effortless.

Question 3

Cognitive Control

Answer 3

the ability to direct thought in accord with one’s intentions.

Question 4

Executive Function

Answer 4

the brain’s ability to control and manage the mental processing of information

Question 5

Dysexecutive Syndrome

Answer 5

impairments in the ability to control and direct mental activities

Question 6

2 Types of Problem solving

Answer 6

1. Formal PS skills: math.
2. Ill-defined problems: messy roommates

Question 7

Algorithm

Answer 7

a PS strategy that always leads to a solution.

Question 8

Heuristics

Answer 8

a shortcut thinking strategy. - working backwards, for making sub-goals involves dividing a larger problem into smaller ones, and searching for analogies, which involves recalling similar problems that you have encountered.

Question 9

George de Mestral

Answer 9

Velcro

Question 10

Problems in PS

Answer 10

mental set: tendency to use PS strategies that have worked in the past.

Question 11

Functional Fixedness:

Answer 11

A tenancy to view objects as having only one function

Question 12

Confirmation Bias

Answer 12

tendency to look for information that meets our expectations.

Question 13

Decision Making

Answer 13

evaluating and choosing from among options.

Question 14

Representativeness Heuristic: eng v law

Answer 14

the assumption that individuals share characteristics of the category of which they are a member. - often ignores other relative data. Amos Tversky,a dn Danny Kahnman: lawyers v engineers.

Question 15

Availability Heuristic:

Answer 15

refers to the likelihood that we will judge an event as more common if it is easier to think about. Judging easily-recalled events as more common. -relies on more recent memories.

Question 16

Rational Decision Making

Answer 16

logic and probability. Choosing a new phone. What do you take into consideration? - tend to be based on assumptions.

Question 17

Bounded Rationality 3

Answer 17

the fact that in many situations, our ability to make clear rational decisions is limited or “bounded” by things like:
1.lack of information
2.time constraints
3.emotions attached to aspects of the problem we are trying to solve.

Question 18

Emotion based decision making:

Answer 18

Danny Kahnman - people often rely heavily on emotions and on gut instinct.

Question 19

Tversky and Kahnman: outbreak: saves v kills lingo

Answer 19

save 200/kill 400, or 1/3 live, 2/3 die. People chose life over death, even if the answers/results were the same.

Question 20

Meta cognition

Answer 20

thinking about one’s own thoughts. -in frontal cortex, and hippocampus. - damage can cause amnesia(memory difficulty) Self-ref: thinking about own identities, our influence on others, and self worth. Theory of Mind: awareness of others thoughts devs around 2-3 y/o. + thinking of what others are thinking by watching their actions or hearing about said actions. Lying starts at around age 3. But is universal around age 5.

Question 21

How we define intelligence4 plus limitations

Answer 21

❖“ability to learn(from experience)”, “think abstractly” “carry out a plan” “creative solutions to novel situations”
• Limitations
– Most rely on situational descriptions, or abstract concepts
– Testing paradigms generally do not match conceptual definition
❑Predetermined responses, pattern recognition, memory
– Treated as a stable trait, but tests are constantly altered
❑Paradox: Intelligence is stable, but people are getting smarter?

Question 22

Galton

Answer 22

influenced by Darwin’s natural selection
• “Hereditary Genius”: “innate” tendencies in talented families
– No relationship to environment
– physiological measurements of discrimination – Eugenics, origin of genetic approach
• “Survival of the fittest”
– “fit” referred to physiology (NOT relationship to
environment)
Reinforced racist/sexist concepts of intelligence
First psychometric approach (i.e. direct measurement)

Question 23

Intelligence History:

Answer 23

Biased philosophical background
2. Binet: create an assessment of school success (“learning potential”)
• Valid measure
– Mental Age: operationalization of reasoning, comprehension, and judgment
• First standardized approach
– Comparison to achievement group
• functional measures
– Aptitude Test: probability of achievement given a specific operationalized goal; competency.
❑Predictive
– Achievement Test: measuring success of learning on a specific task; ability.
❑Assessment

Question 24

Terman: Stanford-Binet

Answer 24

Binet’s test to measure “inherited intelligence” • extended to adults
– Repurposing a test for a different goal (see validity) 4. Stern: Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
• mathematically standardized descriptor – allow for comparison across groups

Question 25

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory:

Answer 25

1. Internal: Analytic: mental components used in solving a problem
   • well-defined problems with one conclusive answer –Academic settings, logic (mathematic deductions)
2. External: Creative: the ability to transfer knowledge
   -Manipulate information in unique/novel situations
   -you need analytical to find ways to be creative
   -Practical skills to make something and to justify your work
   -Wisdom to know what you’re creating in factual and real
3. Experiential: Practical: ability to make use of contextual
   • Everyday tasks that have multiple solutions –environment, experience, common sense
   • Tacit Knowledge: inferred strategies for “success” – action oriented knowledge

❑Limitation: related to school-related cognitive functions such as reading, writing, test-taking, homework completion
-tacit knowledge: the ability to make use of what is going on in your environment.
-practical ways to think of idea and a way to understand what is happening in your environment
-tacit knowledge: how you work with other individuals.

Question 26

Theoretical Issues:

Answer 26

❖How do we define intelligence? • Operationalization
• Histology
❖How do we measure intelligence? • Psychometric Approach
❖What are the different kinds of Psychometrics we use? • “g”
• Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory • WAIS
❖What are the limitations of psychometrics? • Nature and Nurture

Question 27

Validity

Answer 27

❖The extent to which a test measures what it’s
supposed to
• Content Validity refers to criterion (the construct you are interested in)
– Achievement tests
• Predictive Validity refers to future behaviour (success)
– Aptitude Tests
Cautions:
▪ Correlation is not causation
▪ restricted ranges
▪ assumes stability
subjective operationalizations

Question 28

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Answer 28

Vocab available for objects and concepts in a lang influences how speakers of that language think about them. Language influences thinking. The more words we have available to us related to a single concept, the more complex and detailed our thoughts are about that idea or object.