2/12/13- blood typing Flashcards
what is O in the ABO genotype (what does it mean)?
the RBC lacks protein (antigens on its surface)
what is it called when there are 2 allels on a blood genotype (ex. AB+)?
codominance
- what substance are the letters for each blood type?
- what are they called?
- what are they functionally?
- proteins
- agglutinogens
- surface antigens
what are the antibodies to RBC antigens (agglutinogens) called?
agglutins
- what are the letters for Rh compatibility?
2. which one is the “Rh+”?
- a)C,C; C,c; cc:
b) D,D; D,d;d,d:
c) E,E; E,e; e,e: - DD is Rh+ (homozygous) Dd is Rh+ (heterozygous), d,d is Rh- (d,d is amorphic or the ‘absence of’)
what is amorphic?
- that means there is no protein in the spot (empty space)
2. O,O (blood type), d,d (Rh type)
- what is rhogam?
2. what does rhogam do?
- rhogam is Rh antibodies attached to a gamma globulin
- Rhogam gives passive immunity to the Rh- mother against the babies Rh+ blood, destroying them before the mother can become senitive to it and make antibodies which will destroy the baby.
which Rh factor is dominant + or -?
Rh+ is dominant d/t fact that Rh- is lacking a protein at that spot (empty spot)
blood (RBCs):
- who is the universal donor
- universal recepient?
- universal donor= O- because it lacks any antigens for ABO or Rh
- AB+ is the universal recepient because it has no antibodies toward anything
plasma
- who is the universal donor?
- univerasl recepient?
- plasma universal donor=AB-
2. plasma universal recepient=O+
what happens if you put a drop of anti A in type A blood?
the antibodies (agglutins) will stick to the agglutinogens (antigens), sticking them together in clumps
- when does agglutin production start in humans?
2. when does it peak (by what age)?
- 6 months after birth (before that, it is all passive)
2. 10 yrs old
what antibodies does type O+ person make
ABO: anti A, anti B,
Rh: anti C, E, (small c and small e are lack of C or E)
- what is the technical term for “blue babies”?
2. what causes it?
- Erythroblastosis Fetalis
- moms antibodies (agglutins) destroy the babies blood, therefore the spleen and liver cannot quit making blood like they should, and let the marrow make it once the baby is born.
3 these organs try to correct the baby’s anemia quickly so it puts out blast cells (which are immature) - the anemia leaves the baby looking blue (along with jaundice)
what happens with a jaundice baby:
- what is the technical term for the yellow skin?
- what causes it?
- kernicturus
- RBCs break down, part of it (heme is a pigment) turns into unconjugated bilirubin which needs to conjugate with a protein in order to get to the liver. until then it is lipid soluble and goes into cells of skin, it there is too much bilirubin it will precipitate into the cells leaving a yellow pigmint (jaundice)
- it can destroy nerves
- what are warm antibodies?
2. what are cold antibodies?
- warm antibodies are activated at body temp
- cold antibodies are activated (change shape) when one gets cold, this activates complement which will attack the connective tissue as in Reynauds disease.
what happens with blood type reaction?4
- antibdies attack mismatched RBCs (type II reaction)
- kidneys vessels (& systemic vessels) vasoconstrict in response to antigens- causing renal hypertension and increasing perfusion thru PCT
- haptoblobin (which recycles Hgb) picks up the as much free Hgb as it can, but there is too much and it goes to the kidneys.
- increased pressure in kidneys pushes lytes, glucose, bicarb etc out of PCT followed by water which leaves only Hgb in the tubes.
- systemic vasodilation (which follows vasoconstriction) decrease blood pressure and causes shock
- Hgb congeals in tubes, blocking them and killing the nephrons=kidney failure
how much blood (RBCs) does the liver and spleen store?
10% of RBCs
- what are duffy antigens (the sub groups)?
- what parasite/ virus uses the duffy antigen to invade your cells?
- what ethnic/ regional group has a change in duffy antigens?
- sub groups of Fya and Fyb.
- malaria
- most central africans are duffy negative (have no duffy antigens) so that malaria cannot attack them
sickle cell:
- what is it?
- what happens to the cell, and under what conditions?
- it is a recessive trait that can be carried (one s) or be dominant (ss) in the offspring if both parents carry the recessive gene.
- under hypoxic conditions (high altitude, sickness) the RBC will sickle and malaria cannot attack it. However, sickle cell crisis causes ischemia and pain.
what are warm antibodies (agglutins)?
antibodies that are active at normal body temp
what are cold antibodies (agglutins)?
antibodies that are activated (change shape) under cold conditions, when activated start the complememt cascade and will attack the tissues (ex: Reynauds disease); cold agglutins common with hemolytic anemia.
what happens with a blood mismatch reaction?
- in the kidneys, the antibodies attack the RBCs (type II allergic reaction).
- kidney vasoconstricts causing renal hypertension
- vasodilation always occurs after vasoconstriction, so systemic dilation causes hypotension/circulatory shock
- haptoglobin picks up as much of the broken down Hgb to go to the liver to be processed as bilirubin. all excess cells go to kidneys (and spleen) but most of the fragments are too bib to be excreted.
- proximal convoluted tubule becomes more permiable and solutes (sodium, K+, glucose, bicarb) diffuse out followed by solvent (water) which leaves blood to congele and clog the nephron (renal failure).
what is the genotype If someone is:
- A?
- B?
- O?
- AA or AO
- BB or BO
- OO
