2/12/13- blood typing

Question 1

what is O in the ABO genotype (what does it mean)?

Answer 1

the RBC lacks protein (antigens on its surface)

Question 2

what is it called when there are 2 allels on a blood genotype (ex. AB+)?

Answer 2

codominance

Question 3

1. what substance are the letters for each blood type?
2. what are they called?
3. what are they functionally?

Answer 3

1. proteins
2. agglutinogens
3. surface antigens

Question 4

what are the antibodies to RBC antigens (agglutinogens) called?

Answer 4

agglutins

Question 5

1. what are the letters for Rh compatibility?

2. which one is the “Rh+”?

Answer 5

1. a)C,C; C,c; cc:
   b) D,D; D,d;d,d:
   c) E,E; E,e; e,e:
2. DD is Rh+ (homozygous) Dd is Rh+ (heterozygous), d,d is Rh- (d,d is amorphic or the ‘absence of’)

Question 6

what is amorphic?

Answer 6

1. that means there is no protein in the spot (empty space)

2. O,O (blood type), d,d (Rh type)

Question 7

1. what is rhogam?

2. what does rhogam do?

Answer 7

1. rhogam is Rh antibodies attached to a gamma globulin
2. Rhogam gives passive immunity to the Rh- mother against the babies Rh+ blood, destroying them before the mother can become senitive to it and make antibodies which will destroy the baby.

Question 8

which Rh factor is dominant + or -?

Answer 8

Rh+ is dominant d/t fact that Rh- is lacking a protein at that spot (empty spot)

Question 9

blood (RBCs):

1. who is the universal donor
2. universal recepient?

Answer 9

1. universal donor= O- because it lacks any antigens for ABO or Rh
2. AB+ is the universal recepient because it has no antibodies toward anything

Question 10

plasma

1. who is the universal donor?
2. univerasl recepient?

Answer 10

1. plasma universal donor=AB-

2. plasma universal recepient=O+

Question 11

what happens if you put a drop of anti A in type A blood?

Answer 11

the antibodies (agglutins) will stick to the agglutinogens (antigens), sticking them together in clumps

Question 12

1. when does agglutin production start in humans?

2. when does it peak (by what age)?

Answer 12

1. 6 months after birth (before that, it is all passive)

2. 10 yrs old

Question 13

what antibodies does type O+ person make

Answer 13

ABO: anti A, anti B,
Rh: anti C, E, (small c and small e are lack of C or E)

Question 14

1. what is the technical term for “blue babies”?

2. what causes it?

Answer 14

1. Erythroblastosis Fetalis
2. moms antibodies (agglutins) destroy the babies blood, therefore the spleen and liver cannot quit making blood like they should, and let the marrow make it once the baby is born.
   3 these organs try to correct the baby’s anemia quickly so it puts out blast cells (which are immature)
3. the anemia leaves the baby looking blue (along with jaundice)

Question 15

what happens with a jaundice baby:

1. what is the technical term for the yellow skin?
2. what causes it?

Answer 15

1. kernicturus
2. RBCs break down, part of it (heme is a pigment) turns into unconjugated bilirubin which needs to conjugate with a protein in order to get to the liver. until then it is lipid soluble and goes into cells of skin, it there is too much bilirubin it will precipitate into the cells leaving a yellow pigmint (jaundice)
3. it can destroy nerves

Question 16

1. what are warm antibodies?

2. what are cold antibodies?

Answer 16

1. warm antibodies are activated at body temp
2. cold antibodies are activated (change shape) when one gets cold, this activates complement which will attack the connective tissue as in Reynauds disease.

Question 17

what happens with blood type reaction?4

Answer 17

1. antibdies attack mismatched RBCs (type II reaction)
2. kidneys vessels (& systemic vessels) vasoconstrict in response to antigens- causing renal hypertension and increasing perfusion thru PCT
3. haptoblobin (which recycles Hgb) picks up the as much free Hgb as it can, but there is too much and it goes to the kidneys.
4. increased pressure in kidneys pushes lytes, glucose, bicarb etc out of PCT followed by water which leaves only Hgb in the tubes.
5. systemic vasodilation (which follows vasoconstriction) decrease blood pressure and causes shock
6. Hgb congeals in tubes, blocking them and killing the nephrons=kidney failure

Question 18

how much blood (RBCs) does the liver and spleen store?

Answer 18

10% of RBCs

Question 19

1. what are duffy antigens (the sub groups)?
2. what parasite/ virus uses the duffy antigen to invade your cells?
3. what ethnic/ regional group has a change in duffy antigens?

Answer 19

1. sub groups of Fya and Fyb.
2. malaria
3. most central africans are duffy negative (have no duffy antigens) so that malaria cannot attack them

Question 20

sickle cell:

1. what is it?
2. what happens to the cell, and under what conditions?

Answer 20

1. it is a recessive trait that can be carried (one s) or be dominant (ss) in the offspring if both parents carry the recessive gene.
2. under hypoxic conditions (high altitude, sickness) the RBC will sickle and malaria cannot attack it. However, sickle cell crisis causes ischemia and pain.

Question 21

what are warm antibodies (agglutins)?

Answer 21

antibodies that are active at normal body temp

Question 22

what are cold antibodies (agglutins)?

Answer 22

antibodies that are activated (change shape) under cold conditions, when activated start the complememt cascade and will attack the tissues (ex: Reynauds disease); cold agglutins common with hemolytic anemia.

Question 23

what happens with a blood mismatch reaction?

Answer 23

1. in the kidneys, the antibodies attack the RBCs (type II allergic reaction).
2. kidney vasoconstricts causing renal hypertension
3. vasodilation always occurs after vasoconstriction, so systemic dilation causes hypotension/circulatory shock
4. haptoglobin picks up as much of the broken down Hgb to go to the liver to be processed as bilirubin. all excess cells go to kidneys (and spleen) but most of the fragments are too bib to be excreted.
5. proximal convoluted tubule becomes more permiable and solutes (sodium, K+, glucose, bicarb) diffuse out followed by solvent (water) which leaves blood to congele and clog the nephron (renal failure).

Question 24

what is the genotype If someone is:

1. A?
2. B?
3. O?

Answer 24

1. AA or AO
2. BB or BO
3. OO