1/29 immunity Flashcards
what are antigens
substances that cause an allergic reaction; can be self or non self
- what are self antigens called?
- what does it stand for?
- what are they?
- HLA
- human leukocytic antigens
- a series of proteins on chromosome #6
- how many classes of HLA are there?
2. how many different alleles (HLAs) are there?
- 2 classes
2. 42 different alleles
- class 1s are on all cells except for ____?
2. class 1s and 2s are on what cells?
- RBCs, (they have ABO alleles)
2. B Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Epithelial cells
- HLA proteins must be inserted in what___receptor?
- what does it stand for?
- how does it work?
- MHC
- major histocompatibility complex
- HLAs are placed on the MHC on the cell surface for identification of self or non-self
what are the types of MHCs?
types I and II
agranulocytes:
2 types:
- lymphocytes
2. monocytes
- what do monocytes become?
- when do they do this?
- what do monocytes do?
- macrophages
- when they leave the blood and enter the tissues
- phagocytocize and present pieces of pathogens to T cells
what are monocytes called in each of these organs/areas:
- liver?
- spleen?
- lymph nodes?
- all other cells?
- kupher cells
- reticulocytes
- dendricytes
- histocytes
- what do dendrites do (in lymph system)?
2. what do reticulocytes do in the spleen?
- present antigens to the immune system
2. present antigens in the blood for destruction
what are lymphocytes types?
- CD4
2. CD8
- what does a CD4 lymphocyte become?
2. what does a CD8 lymphocyte become
- CD4 becomes T helper cell
2. CD8 becomes cytotoxic T cell
why do old people get sick more often?
shrinking thymus puts out less T cells
b-cells
- what does the b stand for? where is that found?
- where are they formed in humans?
- burqua of fabricus, found in chickens
2. formed in Bone marrow
- what do natural killer cells do?
2. what cells can activate the NKCs?
- kills any cell that doesnt quite seem right
2. macrophages
1-3. what are the granulocytes?
4. what do they do?
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- deal with inflammation
what is the first responder to inflammation?
- neutrophils:
2. phagocytocize, release hypoxychlorite, hydrogen peroxide, proteases, o2 radicals
- what do basophils become?
2. what do they do (5 things)?
- Mast cells
- call in eosinophils to destroy invaders (eosinophil chemotactic factor),call neutrophils (neutrophil chemotactic factor), secrete histhamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandin
what do eosinophils do?
janitor that cleans up, kills roundworms, kills fungus, makes major basic protein which is very alkaline/ caustic (digests parynchema in reactive asthma)
what is gene shuffling?
when b-cells have to find the right shaped antibody for the presented antigen
- what are the 5 antibodies?
2. what is the constant part of each of the 5 antibodies
- IgD, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG
2. the FC portion where complement binds is the constant portion of an antibody
when you are first exposed to somthing (antigen), which is the first antibody to respond?
IgM
what does IgM turn into (which is also the most abundant antibody)
IgG
what are the class 1 HLAs
A,B,C,
What are the class 2 HLAs
Dp,Dq,Dr
IgE
- what is the shape?
- where does it sit on mast cells and macrophages?
- what does it do?
- “Y” shaped
- sits on the FC receptor of Mast and Macs
- Arms the cells
IgD
what does it do?
no one knows what it does (possibly came from B-cell gene shuffling)
- what is the FAB fragment?
2. where is it found?
- FAB is fragment antigen binding site (it catches the antigen pieces)
- on the “Y” tips of the antibody
shapes of antibodies:
- IgM
- IgG
- IgE
- IgA
- IgM has 5 antibodies on it
- IgG is a single antibody
- IgE is a single antibody
- IgA is a double antibody
T helper cell uses what to connect with B cell
CD4 & CD28
- what does the macrophage use to connect to the T helper’s CD28?
- the T helper’s CD4 connects to what on the macrophage?
- CD80
2. MHC II
cytotoxic Ts have connectors that help them to connect to other cells; what are they?
- CD8 connects to the MHC of the cell
2. the CD28 connects to the cells CD80
what do cytotoxic T cells secrete to destroy infected cells, how does it work?
- perforin
2. it perforates the cell membrane of infected cells and they die
T helpers secrete what to cause migration of Natural Killers
Interferon
Cell mediated Immunity:
what do macrophages secrete (3 chemicals) and what affect do these have on T helpers?
- IL-1: activates the T-helpers
- IL-2: causes clonal expansion; causes some T-helpers to become T-memory cells
- IL-12: causes T-helper to release interferon (which recruits Natural killers
eventually some of the T cells go into retirement:
- what do T-helper cells become?
- what do cytotoxic T cells become?
- T memory (remember the antigen from previous illnesses)
2. T suppressor (suppress the immune system when not needed)
what do some B cells eventually become?
plasma cells
what 3 chemicals do T cells secrete that causes the B cell to gene shuffle?
- IL4
- IL5
- IL6
what kind of connectors does the B cell have?
MHCII and CD40
what happens when mast cells degranulate (release 5 things)
they release:
- leukotrienes
- prostaglandin E
- neutrophil chemotactic factor
- eosinophil chemotactic factor
- histhamine
