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b. phys exam 2 (w13) > 1/29 immunity > Flashcards

1/29 immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what are antigens

A

substances that cause an allergic reaction; can be self or non self

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2
Q
  1. what are self antigens called?
  2. what does it stand for?
  3. what are they?
A
  1. HLA
  2. human leukocytic antigens
  3. a series of proteins on chromosome #6
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3
Q
  1. how many classes of HLA are there?

2. how many different alleles (HLAs) are there?

A
  1. 2 classes

2. 42 different alleles

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4
Q
  1. class 1s are on all cells except for ____?

2. class 1s and 2s are on what cells?

A
  1. RBCs, (they have ABO alleles)

2. B Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Epithelial cells

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5
Q
  1. HLA proteins must be inserted in what___receptor?
  2. what does it stand for?
  3. how does it work?
A
  1. MHC
  2. major histocompatibility complex
  3. HLAs are placed on the MHC on the cell surface for identification of self or non-self
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6
Q

what are the types of MHCs?

A

types I and II

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7
Q

agranulocytes:

2 types:

A
  1. lymphocytes

2. monocytes

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8
Q
  1. what do monocytes become?
  2. when do they do this?
  3. what do monocytes do?
A
  1. macrophages
  2. when they leave the blood and enter the tissues
  3. phagocytocize and present pieces of pathogens to T cells
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9
Q

what are monocytes called in each of these organs/areas:

  1. liver?
  2. spleen?
  3. lymph nodes?
  4. all other cells?
A
  1. kupher cells
  2. reticulocytes
  3. dendricytes
  4. histocytes
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10
Q
  1. what do dendrites do (in lymph system)?

2. what do reticulocytes do in the spleen?

A
  1. present antigens to the immune system

2. present antigens in the blood for destruction

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11
Q

what are lymphocytes types?

A
  1. CD4

2. CD8

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12
Q
  1. what does a CD4 lymphocyte become?

2. what does a CD8 lymphocyte become

A
  1. CD4 becomes T helper cell

2. CD8 becomes cytotoxic T cell

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13
Q

why do old people get sick more often?

A

shrinking thymus puts out less T cells

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14
Q

b-cells

  1. what does the b stand for? where is that found?
  2. where are they formed in humans?
A
  1. burqua of fabricus, found in chickens

2. formed in Bone marrow

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15
Q
  1. what do natural killer cells do?

2. what cells can activate the NKCs?

A
  1. kills any cell that doesnt quite seem right

2. macrophages

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16
Q

1-3. what are the granulocytes?

4. what do they do?

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
  4. deal with inflammation
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17
Q

what is the first responder to inflammation?

A
  1. neutrophils:

2. phagocytocize, release hypoxychlorite, hydrogen peroxide, proteases, o2 radicals

18
Q
  1. what do basophils become?

2. what do they do (5 things)?

A
  1. Mast cells
  2. call in eosinophils to destroy invaders (eosinophil chemotactic factor),call neutrophils (neutrophil chemotactic factor), secrete histhamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandin
19
Q

what do eosinophils do?

A

janitor that cleans up, kills roundworms, kills fungus, makes major basic protein which is very alkaline/ caustic (digests parynchema in reactive asthma)

20
Q

what is gene shuffling?

A

when b-cells have to find the right shaped antibody for the presented antigen

21
Q
  1. what are the 5 antibodies?

2. what is the constant part of each of the 5 antibodies

A
  1. IgD, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG

2. the FC portion where complement binds is the constant portion of an antibody

22
Q

when you are first exposed to somthing (antigen), which is the first antibody to respond?

A

IgM

23
Q

what does IgM turn into (which is also the most abundant antibody)

A

IgG

24
Q

what are the class 1 HLAs

A

A,B,C,

25
Q

What are the class 2 HLAs

A

Dp,Dq,Dr

26
Q

IgE

  1. what is the shape?
  2. where does it sit on mast cells and macrophages?
  3. what does it do?
A
  1. “Y” shaped
  2. sits on the FC receptor of Mast and Macs
  3. Arms the cells
27
Q

IgD

what does it do?

A

no one knows what it does (possibly came from B-cell gene shuffling)

28
Q
  1. what is the FAB fragment?

2. where is it found?

A
  1. FAB is fragment antigen binding site (it catches the antigen pieces)
  2. on the “Y” tips of the antibody
29
Q

shapes of antibodies:

  1. IgM
  2. IgG
  3. IgE
  4. IgA
A
  1. IgM has 5 antibodies on it
  2. IgG is a single antibody
  3. IgE is a single antibody
  4. IgA is a double antibody
30
Q

T helper cell uses what to connect with B cell

A

CD4 & CD28

31
Q
  1. what does the macrophage use to connect to the T helper’s CD28?
  2. the T helper’s CD4 connects to what on the macrophage?
A
  1. CD80

2. MHC II

32
Q

cytotoxic Ts have connectors that help them to connect to other cells; what are they?

A
  1. CD8 connects to the MHC of the cell

2. the CD28 connects to the cells CD80

34
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells secrete to destroy infected cells, how does it work?

A
  1. perforin

2. it perforates the cell membrane of infected cells and they die

35
Q

T helpers secrete what to cause migration of Natural Killers

A

Interferon

36
Q

Cell mediated Immunity:

what do macrophages secrete (3 chemicals) and what affect do these have on T helpers?

A
  1. IL-1: activates the T-helpers
  2. IL-2: causes clonal expansion; causes some T-helpers to become T-memory cells
  3. IL-12: causes T-helper to release interferon (which recruits Natural killers
36
Q

eventually some of the T cells go into retirement:

  1. what do T-helper cells become?
  2. what do cytotoxic T cells become?
A
  1. T memory (remember the antigen from previous illnesses)

2. T suppressor (suppress the immune system when not needed)

37
Q

what do some B cells eventually become?

A

plasma cells

38
Q

what 3 chemicals do T cells secrete that causes the B cell to gene shuffle?

A
  1. IL4
  2. IL5
  3. IL6
39
Q

what kind of connectors does the B cell have?

A

MHCII and CD40

40
Q

what happens when mast cells degranulate (release 5 things)

A

they release:

  1. leukotrienes
  2. prostaglandin E
  3. neutrophil chemotactic factor
  4. eosinophil chemotactic factor
  5. histhamine

b. phys exam 2 (w13) (6 decks)

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