2-1 (done perman)

Question 1

chronic INF occurs as a result of

• progression of acute INF
• what else

Answer 1

• intracellular infection
• viral infection,
• autoimmune disease

Question 2

what is considered the “hallmark” of chronic INF

Answer 2

infiltration of tissue with lymphocyte, plasma cell, and macrophage

Question 3

death by murder

death by suicide

death by fire/INF

Answer 3

m - necrosis

s - apotosis

f - pyroptosis

Question 4

which cells undergo mitosis

meiosis

Answer 4

mit - somatic

mei - germ (reproductive)

Question 5

when does crossover happen in meiosis

Answer 5

during prophase 1

Question 6

non disjunction risk associated with mom or dad

why not the other

Answer 6

associated with mom bc when mother is born, she is born with set # of eggs (primary oocyte arrested in prophase 1)

risk inc as mother ages bc there is degradation of cohesins in egg

father: constant sperm production throughout life

Question 7

disomy def

Answer 7

Having a chromosome represented twice in a chromosomal complement

ex: a diploid is a disomy at every chromosome #

Question 8

translocation occurs between “” chromosomes

Answer 8

non homologous

Question 9

two types of translocation

Answer 9

• reciprocal

- Robertsonian

Question 10

result of balanced chromosomal translocation in that individual

in % of couples with multiple miscarriages, there is a balanced translocation

Answer 10

usually NOT phenotypically affected

5%

Question 11

how do you get unbalanced karyotype for BABY

Answer 11

malsegregation during meiosis of a balanced translocation CARRIER

Question 12

what separates during mei 1

2?

Answer 12

1 - homologous chromosomes

2-sister chromatids

Question 13

deletion occurs -> what is the mec that causes disorders

Answer 13

haploinsufficiency -> remaining norm CAN’T compensate fully

Question 14

injured tissue -> healing mec

Answer 14

1-regenerate normal tissue

2-if cannot regenerate, create scar (fibrosis)

Question 15

can bone marrow stem cells circulate in blood

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

Where are liver stem cells located

Answer 16

near bile duct

Question 17

in ascites, other than low albumin, what is the OTHER problem

Answer 17

portal hypertension (in venous system)

Question 18

what is the term to describe numerical chrom. abnormality

Answer 18

aneuploidy

Question 19

what’s a structural chrom ab

another name for this ab

give ex

Answer 19

loss/gain of pieces of chrom

contiguous ab

1 duplication
2 deletion
3 inversion

Question 20

life expectancy of down’s

what’s peculiar about elderly Down Syndrome patients

Answer 20

around 50 years

75% of 60 year old DS have Alzheimer’s

Question 21

what’s the second most common trisomy

Answer 21

T18 (Edwards Syndrome)

Question 22

define plagiocephaly

Answer 22

asymmetric head shape

Question 23

what is the most frequent cause of mortality during first year of life in US

Answer 23

congenital mal-formation

Question 24

risk of congenital ab in gen pop is %

Answer 24

5%

Question 25

read: malformation starts at the fetus

Answer 25

-

Question 26

which infection (mother -> child) has HIGHEST transmission rate to child

Answer 26

Rubella

Question 27

define purpose of micro RNA

Answer 27

do not encode protein but inhibit gene expression (in epigenetic manner)

Question 28

where does methylation (inactivation) in epigenetics occur

Answer 28

occur at CpG (these are house keeping genes)

Question 29

rel of Cpg and fem/male

meiosis

Answer 29

Cpg repeats EXPAND in fem mei

opp in male mei

Question 30

which karyotype to determine sex

• peripheral blood
• BM

Answer 30

peri for sex