2-1 (done perman) Flashcards
chronic INF occurs as a result of
- progression of acute INF
- what else
- intracellular infection
- viral infection,
- autoimmune disease
what is considered the “hallmark” of chronic INF
infiltration of tissue with lymphocyte, plasma cell, and macrophage
death by murder
death by suicide
death by fire/INF
m - necrosis
s - apotosis
f - pyroptosis
which cells undergo mitosis
meiosis
mit - somatic
mei - germ (reproductive)
when does crossover happen in meiosis
during prophase 1
non disjunction risk associated with mom or dad
why not the other
associated with mom bc when mother is born, she is born with set # of eggs (primary oocyte arrested in prophase 1)
risk inc as mother ages bc there is degradation of cohesins in egg
father: constant sperm production throughout life
disomy def
Having a chromosome represented twice in a chromosomal complement
ex: a diploid is a disomy at every chromosome #
translocation occurs between “” chromosomes
non homologous
two types of translocation
- reciprocal
- Robertsonian
result of balanced chromosomal translocation in that individual
in % of couples with multiple miscarriages, there is a balanced translocation
usually NOT phenotypically affected
5%
how do you get unbalanced karyotype for BABY
malsegregation during meiosis of a balanced translocation CARRIER
what separates during mei 1
2?
1 - homologous chromosomes
2-sister chromatids
deletion occurs -> what is the mec that causes disorders
haploinsufficiency -> remaining norm CAN’T compensate fully
injured tissue -> healing mec
1-regenerate normal tissue
2-if cannot regenerate, create scar (fibrosis)
can bone marrow stem cells circulate in blood
yes
Where are liver stem cells located
near bile duct
in ascites, other than low albumin, what is the OTHER problem
portal hypertension (in venous system)
what is the term to describe numerical chrom. abnormality
aneuploidy
what’s a structural chrom ab
another name for this ab
give ex
loss/gain of pieces of chrom
contiguous ab
1 duplication
2 deletion
3 inversion
life expectancy of down’s
what’s peculiar about elderly Down Syndrome patients
around 50 years
75% of 60 year old DS have Alzheimer’s
what’s the second most common trisomy
T18 (Edwards Syndrome)
define plagiocephaly
asymmetric head shape
what is the most frequent cause of mortality during first year of life in US
congenital mal-formation
risk of congenital ab in gen pop is %
5%
read: malformation starts at the fetus
-
which infection (mother -> child) has HIGHEST transmission rate to child
Rubella
define purpose of micro RNA
do not encode protein but inhibit gene expression (in epigenetic manner)
where does methylation (inactivation) in epigenetics occur
occur at CpG (these are house keeping genes)
rel of Cpg and fem/male
meiosis
Cpg repeats EXPAND in fem mei
opp in male mei
which karyotype to determine sex
- peripheral blood
- BM
peri for sex
