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PCM REVIEW > 1ST YEAR RECALLS > Flashcards

1ST YEAR RECALLS Flashcards

1
Q

Actions taken prior to the onset of diseases which remove the possibility that a disease will ever occur

Primordial Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention

A

Primary Prevention

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2
Q

A form of tertiary prevention characterized by the restoration of the capacity for LIVELIHOOD

Medical rehabilitation
Social rehabilitation
Vocational rehabilitation
Psychological rehabilitation

A

Vocational rehabilitation

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3
Q

What type of prevention that seeks to minimize the severity of illness or the damage to an injury causing event once the event has occurred?

secondary prevention
primary prevention
primordial prevention
tertiary prevention

A

secondary prevention

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4
Q

What is the basic science of public health because it provides the first indication of the nature of the new disease?

Biostatistics
Epidemiology
Preventive Medicine
Family Medicine

A

Epidemiology

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5
Q

A comprehensive approach to health prevention requires environmental modification. Which of the following statements is not an environmental modification?

provision of safe water
control of insects and rodents
improvement of housing
provision of chemotherapeutic drugs

A

provision of chemotherapeutic drugs

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6
Q

Who formulated the theory of contagion?

Paracelsus
Vasaleus
Fracastorius
Ambroise Pare

A

Fracastorius

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7
Q

He discovered typhoid fever

John Snow
Sydenham
William Bud
James Lind

A

William Bud

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8
Q

What was the changing concept in public health in the years 1920-1960?

Disease Control Phase
Health Promotional phase
Social Engineering Phase
Health for All phase

A

Health Promotional phase

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9
Q

A new approach to health care which integrates at the community level all the factors required for improving the health status of the population

Primary Health Care
Millennium Development Goals
Sustainable Development Goals
All are correct

A

Primary Health Care

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10
Q

Which do you think is not true for secondary prevention among the statements?

action that halts the progress of the disease at its incipient stage
one of its objective is to prevent the spread of the disease by curing all the known cases
one of its intervention is individual or mass case findings
to provide measures available to reduce or limit impairment

A

to provide measures available to reduce or limit impairment
???

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11
Q

Built aqueduct to transport water from miles away and built sewer system

Greeks
Jews
Egyptians
Romans

A

Romans

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12
Q

A medical dictator with specialty in Anatomy and Physiology

Koch
Galen
Hippocrates
Jenner

A

Galen

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13
Q

What domain determined the health status characterized by diet, physical action, substance used and abused?

Genetic make up
social circumstances
environmental conditions
behavioral choices

A

behavioral choices

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14
Q

Action of society taken collectively to achieved the desired condition in which people can be healthy

Individual health
Family health
Community health
Organizational health

A

Community health
public health ang sakto ani

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15
Q

The earliest written record of public health that included laws for the physician and his practice

Book of Leviticus
Observation in the Book of Mubali
Code of Hammurabi
All are correct

A

Code of Hammurabi

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16
Q

What core function in public health does evaluating the effectiveness and quality of personal population based health services belong?

Assessment
Policy Development
Assurance
None of the above

A

Assurance

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17
Q

What has James Lind accomplish?

prevention of scurvy by use of fresh vegetables
vaccination against smallpox
golden age of bacteriology
Epidemiology of Cholera

A

prevention of scurvy by use of fresh vegetables

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18
Q

Louis Pasteur

Report sanitary conditions of the laboring population
Discovered typhoid fever
Discovered circulation of blood, microscope and vaccination against smallpox
Advanced the Germ Theory of Disease

A

Advanced the Germ Theory of Disease

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19
Q

What do you call any loss of psychological, physiological and emotional structures or function?

Impairment
Disabilities
Rehabilitation
Handicap

A

Impairment

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20
Q

What do you think is not an objective of prevention?

A. To provide information about new and changing trends in the health status of the population
B. To provide feedback which maybe expected to modify the policy(not sure)
C. To provide timely warning of public health disaster
D. To analyze routine measurements aimed at detecting changes in the environment on health status in a population

A

D. To analyze routine measurements aimed at detecting changes in the environment on health status in a population

A-C - objective of SURVEILLANCE
D - objective of MONITORING

BOTH OF THEM IS UNDER CONTROL (i think D is the answer kay kato ra lahi lol)

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21
Q

Which do you think is not a determinant for prevention to be successful?

Knowledge of causation
Knowledge in the dynamics of transmission
Knowledge in the availability of prophylaxis or early detection and treatment measure
Knowledge of disability limitation and rehabilitation

A

Knowledge of disability limitation and rehabilitation

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22
Q

Which do you think is not a determinant for prevention to be successful?

Knowledge of causation
Knowledge in the dynamics of transmission
Knowledge in the availability of prophylaxis or early detection and treatment measure
Knowledge of disability limitation and rehabilitation

A

Knowledge of disability limitation and rehabilitation

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23
Q

What is the level of prevention during the latent stage of the disease?

Primary
Primordial
Secondary
Tertiary

A

Secondary

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24
Q

Which statement is true for primordial prevention?

prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors
actions taken prior to the onset of the disease
actions taken which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage
when the disease process has advanced beyond its early stages

A

prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors

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25
Q

Disability is

A. any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or B. anatomical structure and function
B. any restriction to perform an activity within the range considered normal for the human being
C. termed as a disadvantage for a given individual
D. combined measures for training and restoring the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability

A

B. any restriction to perform an activity within the range considered normal for the human being

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26
Q

The Papyrus recording occurs during the

Period of Egyptian Medicine
Period of Indian Medicine
Period of Mesopotamian medicine
Period of Greek medicine

A

Period of Egyptian Medicine

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27
Q

Andreas Vasaleus was the

Father of Surgery
Designed the true clinical materials of the circulation of blood
Theory of Contagion
First man of modern science who raised the study of Anatomy

A

First man of modern science who raised the study of Anatomy

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28
Q

John Snow was responsible for the

Discovery of Typhoid fever
First medical officer in London responsible for sanitary reform
Advanced the GERM Theory of disease
Epidemiology of Cholera

A

Epidemiology of Cholera

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29
Q

Which statement is false as to the GOALS of Community Medicine?

To identify health problems and needs
To conduct Community Organizing
To plan and implement measures
To evaluate extent of effectiveness

A

To conduct Community Organizing

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30
Q

Known as the Father of Surgery.

Paracelsus
Ambroise Pare
Fracastorius
Andreas Vasaleus

A

Ambroise Pare

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31
Q

Vaccination against smallpox

Edward Jenner
James Lind
Robert Koch
Louis Pasteur

A

Edward Jenner

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32
Q

Secondary prevention are

A. preventive measures that lead to an early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease
B. preventive measures that forestall the illness or injury
C. measures aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis
D. all are correct

A

preventive measures that lead to an early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease

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33
Q

Environmental modification, lifestyle and behavioral changes re examples of

primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
primordial prevention

A

primary prevention

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34
Q

Screening test, case finding once found that the patient has a risk factor and the treatment is started is

tertiary prevention
primordial prevention
primary prevention
secondary prevention

A

secondary prevention

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35
Q

Which one is not a primary prevention?

use of condoms during sex
use of specific immunization
protection against occupational hazards
requesting for a pap smear

A

requesting for a pap smear

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36
Q

The patient was paralyzed from the waist down and was scheduled for periodic rehabilitation

tertiary prevention
secondary prevention
primordial prevention
primary prevention

A

tertiary prevention

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37
Q

The incoming passenger was put in a quarantine

primary prevention
primordial prevention
tertiary prevention
secondary prevention

A

secondary prevention

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38
Q

What statement is not true for family medicine?

Family medicine is a family practice
it is patient centered and family oriented
mostly in community based clinics
it is synonymous to Public Health

A

it is synonymous to Public Health

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39
Q

Branch of medicine which deals with the study of the provisions of preventive, promotive, curative rehabilitative and evaluation of services to the community through an organize health care delivery system

Family Medicine
Community Medicine
Social Medicine
Specialty Medicine

A

Community Medicine

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40
Q

Prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in population groups in which they have not appeared yet.

Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Primordial prevention

A

Primordial prevention

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41
Q

Assurance is one of the core function in public health that

does evaluating the effectiveness and quality of population based health services
monitor health and disease
inform and educate, empower
mobilize community partnership

A

does evaluating the effectiveness and quality of population based health services

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42
Q

Vaccinating a health care worker against COVID 19

tertiary prevention
primary prevention
secondary prevention
primordial prevention

A

primary prevention

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43
Q

Performing angioplasty in a patient with heart disease

primordial prevention
primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention

A

tertiary prevention

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44
Q

Vector control

primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
all are correct

A

primary prevention

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45
Q

Selective examinations like
mammography

primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
none of the above

A

secondary prevention

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46
Q

Use of condoms during sexual intercourse

primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
all of the above

A

primary prevention

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47
Q

Concerned with the health of a specific population group

Community medicine
Family medicine
none of the above

A

Community medicine

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48
Q

Health assessment and maintenance of an individual

Community Medicine
Family Medicine
Both are correct
Option 4

A

Family Medicine

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49
Q

The members of a public health team have a continuing interest in controlling measles infection through vaccination. To estimate the level of immunity in a particular population, what type of study should they conduct?

a case control study of measles infection
a cross sectional survey of vaccination status
a randomized trial of measles vaccination
a retrospective cohort study of measles vaccination

A

a case control study of measles infection

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50
Q

There were 40 persons who attended a wedding banquet. Thirty of them experienced abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea within 12 hours. Of the 30 symptomatic guests, 20 however have fever and 10 do not. Twenty five have elevated WBC and 5 do not; 22 have eaten spaghetti and 8 did not; 6 have eaten shrimps and 24 have not. The phenomena described

is a disease outbreak
is caused by bacterial infection
is not an outbreak because the usual pattern of disease is unknown
should be investigated by the regional epidemiologic surveillance unit

A

is a disease outbreak

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51
Q

The attack rate is

20/40
25/40
22/40
30/40

A

30/40

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52
Q

An early priority in investigating the phenomena would be to

establish diagnosis
define a case
perform a case control study
submit food samples to the laboratory

A

define a case

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53
Q

The investigators suspect that the spaghetti is the source of the disease. To confirm or refute their suspicion, they should

A. conduct a prospective study
B. initiate active surveillance
C. perform a case control study in which the cases are the guests who ate spaghetti and the controls are those who did not eat
D. performs a case control study in which the cases are the guests who became ill and the controls are those who did not became ill

A

C. perform a case control study in which the cases are the guests who ate spaghetti and the controls are those who did not eat

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54
Q

The best case definition for the guests disease would be

acute gastroenteritis
food poisoning
vomiting, diarrhea and elevated white blood cell count
abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea within 12 hours

A

abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea within 12 hours

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55
Q

Suspecting that the disease is the result of a common source exposure involving contaminated food, the investigators attempt to determine which food is responsible. The INITIAL TASK IS TO

analyze food specimens in the laboratory
examine the food preparers
interview the symptomatic guests to find out what they ate
perform a case control study

A

interview the symptomatic guests to find out what they ate

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56
Q

The investigators are unable to identify a single food that was eaten by every symptomatic guest. They should

conclude that the disease was not food borne
conclude that the investigation without identifying the source
implicate the food most eaten by those with symptoms
implicate the food least eaten by those without symptoms

A

implicate the food most eaten by those with symptoms

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57
Q

If an outbreak is occurring the cases of disease are characterized by

time, place and source of infection
place, person and modes of transmission
time, person and pattern of spread
time ,place and person

A

time ,place and person

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58
Q

What do you think is not a type of intervention used to control an outbreak?

sanitation
diagnosis and treatment
control of disease vectors
health promotion like health education

A

health promotion like health education

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59
Q

Infectious diseases that have a much higher incidence in the winter and early spring months in the Northern Hemisphere of North America

infectious diseases spread by respiratory route
diseases that are spread by insects or arthropod vectors
Infectious diseases that are spread by faecal-oral route
infectious diseases that are spread by common source

A

infectious diseases spread by respiratory route

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60
Q

When a disease in a population occurs regularly and at a more or less constant level

it is an epidemic
it is sporadic
it is endemic
it is pandemic

A

it is endemic

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61
Q

Investigators of an acute disease outbreak ordinarily used a measure of disease frequency called

incidence rate
prevalence rate
attack rate
mortality and morbidity rate

A

attack rate

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62
Q

Rural health units, hospitals, laboratories, physicians are required to report disease and are given the appropriate forms and instructions

active surveillance
passive surveillance
epidemic investigation
cohort studies

A

passive surveillance

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63
Q

Process of collecting, analyzing, interpreting and reporting data concerning the incidence of death, disease, injuries and the prevalence of certain conditions, knowledge of which is important for promoting health in the public

it is called outbreak investigation
it is called epidemic investigation
it is called surveillance
it is called cohort studies

A

it is called surveillance

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64
Q

An official from the regional health office visits out patient clinics to determine the number of cases of post exposure prophylaxis for tetanus. The officials action is an example of

active surveillance
passive surveilance
case finding
secondary prevention

A

active surveillance

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65
Q

Putting a barrier to the infection within a susceptible hosts is called

prophylaxis
treatment
cure
health promotion

A

prophylaxis

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66
Q

The initial case and the case that introduced the organism into the population is called

secondary case
primary case
index case
primordial case

A

index case

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67
Q

The accurate characteristic of an epidemic involves defining the geographic location of cases. To do this we will do the following activities except

spot mapping
incidence rate by location
might do chance clusters
work for the immunization status or type of work or schooling

A

work for the immunization status or type of work or schooling

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68
Q

Following are the characteristics of common source exposure except

A. many people come into contact with the same source
B. most likely the source is a contaminated water or food
C. the epidemic curve usually has a prolonged, irregular pattern
D. the epidemic curve usually has a sudden onset, a peak and a rapid decline

A

C. the epidemic curve usually has a prolonged, irregular pattern

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69
Q

Infectious disease that are spread by the fecal-oral route are most common in the

summer
early autumn
spring
winter

A

summer

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70
Q

Steps in the evaluation of an outbreak includes the following except

establishing a diagnosis
developing a case definition
determining whether an outbreak exists
study the changing pattern of the disease

A

study the changing pattern of the disease

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71
Q

Close supervision of contacts for prompt recognition of illness WITHOUT RESTRICTING MOVEMENT

quarantine
surveillance
detention
segregation

A

surveillance

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72
Q

The occurrence in a community of a disease clearly in excess of the normal expectancy

endemic
pandemic
sporadic
epidemic

A

epidemic

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73
Q

Which of the following is the backbone of disease prevention?

epidemiology
demographics
vital statistics
health statistics

A

epidemiology

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74
Q

Herd immunity refers to

prevention of disease transmission to susceptible individuals through acquired immunity in others
genetic resistance to species specific
immunity naturally acquired in a population
high levels of antibody present in a population after an epidemic

A

prevention of disease transmission to susceptible individuals through acquired immunity in others

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75
Q

What is the level in the scientific study of disease where epidemiology is a good example

level of individual patient
tissue and organ level
sub - molecular and molecular level
level of population

A

level of population

76
Q

For an infectious disease to occur there must be an interaction between

the agent and the vector
the vector and the environment
the vector and the host
the host and the agent

A

the host and the agent

77
Q

The BEINGS model provides a list of factors in disease causality. Which of the following factors are explicitly included in the list?

Behavioral, Environmental, Immunologic, nutritional, genetic and social factors
Behavioral, Ecologic, Idiopathic, Nutritional, Genetic, Social factors
Biologic, environmental, Innate, Nutritional, Genetic and synergistic factors
biologic, Environmental, Immunologic, Nutritional, Genetic and synergistic factors

A

Behavioral, Environmental, Immunologic, nutritional, genetic and social factors

78
Q

Epidemiology is broadly defined as the study of factors that influence the health of populations. The application of epidemiologic findings in population to decisions in the care of individual patients is

limted to infectious disease epidemiology
known as clinical epidemiology
subject to ecologic fallacy
limited to chronic disease epidemiology

A

known as clinical epidemiology

79
Q

The BEINGS model is a useful paradigm for

evaluating etiologic factors in disease
allocating public health resources
assessing the impact of herd immunity
determining the role of social policy in public health

A

evaluating etiologic factors in disease

80
Q

Which one of the following activities is beyond the scope of activities undertaken by an epidemiologist

establishing modes of disease transmission
preventing the disease
rationing health care resources
providing data for genetic counselling

A

rationing health care resources

81
Q

Following statements are true for classical epidemiology except

studies the community origin of health problems
population oriented
interested in discovering risk factors
studies patients in health care setting

A

studies patients in health care setting

82
Q

Which do you think is not a denominator data?

there were 15 people injured in a vehicular accident
there were 12 children who went into biking
there were 21,000 people watching a basketball in a coliseum
there were 50 people who have attended a wedding party and have partaken the food in the banquet

A

there were 15 people injured in a vehicular accident

83
Q

Most infant deaths that occur during the first week of life are due to

sepsis
prematurity
congenital abnormalities
injuries

A

prematurity

84
Q

Which do you think is not a biologic factor that cause a disease?

bone density
obesity
age
gender

A

obesity

85
Q

What screening test is very important for identifying problems in a newborn?

nutritional screening
immunization
genetic screening
none of the above

A

genetic screening

86
Q

Which is not a physical agent that may cause disease or illness?

radiation
heat
lead
noise

A

lead

87
Q

What is the name of the causative agent that cause Lyme disease an infection transmitted by a tick?

Legionella pneumophilia
Hemophilus influenza
Borrelia burgdorferi
Pneumocystis carinii

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

88
Q

The methods of clinical epidemiology frequently are used to determine the

most effective treatment in a given situation
process of identifying the nature and cause of disease
methods of risk estimation
probable course or outcome of the disease

A

most effective treatment in a given situation

89
Q

The most common cause of cardiovascular disease is

coronary artery disease
congenital heart disease
valvular heart disease
aortic aneurysm

A

coronary artery disease

90
Q

To be effective in prevention and control of the spread of communicable diseases, physicians should strengthen skills and knowledge on

data analysis
community diagnosis
rehabilitation of patient
health education

A

health education

91
Q

Often used as an overall index of the health status of a nation

neonatal mortality rate
maternal mortality rate
infant mortality rate
crude death rate

A

infant mortality rate

92
Q

Number of pregnancy related deaths divided by the number of live births

maternal mortality rate
prevalence rate
standardized mortality rate
neonatal mortality rate

A

maternal mortality rate

93
Q

Most important behavior change for improving health

diet modification
exercise
smoking cessation
breastfeeding

A

smoking cessation

94
Q

This would not reduce the frequency and seriousness of INFECTIOUS diseases

pure water supply
solid wastes disposed in a sanitary manner
arthropod and animal vector of disease is controlled
changes in lifestyle

A

changes in lifestyle

95
Q

A more or less COMPLETE COUNT OF INDIVIDUALS WITHIN a given geographic area at a specified instant of time

CENSUS
SURVEY
DEMOGRAPHY
POPULATION REGISTER

A

CENSUS

96
Q

Some 1450 persons are in a population. Forty six (46) persons died. 64% of those who died were age 55 years and above. What is the crude death rate?

2.03%
3.17%
70%
72%

A

3.17%

46 / 1450

97
Q

The observation of events in the community are presented in the form of tables/graphs. Which of the following graphs is best to use in presenting trends of birth and deaths over a period of time

pie graph
line graph
frequency polygon
bar graph

A

line graph

98
Q

Factors that will lead to a healthy life

nutrition, environment, genes
environment, genes, age
genes, age, nutrition
environment, human behavior, nutrition

A

environment, human behavior, nutrition

99
Q

What vitamin fortified in milk that has largely eliminated rickets?

iodized salt
fluoride in water
enrichment of cereal grain products with folic acid
vitamin D milk

A

vitamin D milk

100
Q

There are 86 students in the college of medicine. During March and April, 26 students were absent with chickenpox. What is the attack rate?

30.23%
20.23%
40.23%
32.23%

A

30.23%

26 / 86

101
Q

Of the 45 total cases of chickenpox 3 died. Calculate the case fatality ratio for chickenpox in this epidemic.

66.6%
6.66%
16.66%
26.66%

A

6.66% = 3 / 45

102
Q

Number of new cases over a defined period divided by the mid-period population at risk

Incidence rate
prevalence rate
relative risk
Odd’s ratio

A

Incidence rate

103
Q

A total of 97 neonatal cases were admitted in a certain hospital from January to June 2021. 71% were males and 29% were female. There were 37 deaths. What was the case fatality ratio of neonatal tetanus?
30%
38%
70%
72%

A

38% = 37 / 97

104
Q

There were 450 deliveries in a certain small town at the end of 2020 in a population of 145,000. Thirty of these deliveries were stillbirths and 420 are live births. Compute for the **CRUDE BIRTH RATE. **

2.88/1,000 pop.
28.88 / 1,000 pop.
288.88 / 1,000 pop.
4.22 / 1,000 pop.

A

2.88/1,000 pop

420 / 145 000 (x1000)

105
Q

At the end of 2020, a total of 39 deaths among ages 1 month to 11 months and 15 stillbirths were also recorded. The total live births for that year was 675 and the mid-year population was 585,000. Compute for the Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000.

80
57
66
.066

A

57

39 / 675 (x1000)

106
Q

At the end of 2020, the neonatal death was 2100, infant death was 3100, and 45,000 was due to accidents. The remaining 264,000 was due to the other top leading causes of mortality. The mid-year population was 80 million. Compute for the CRUDE DEATH RATE per 1,000. pop.

3.3 / 1,000 pop.
3.92/1,000 pop.
33 / 1000 pop.
39.2 / 1000 pop.

A

3.92/1,000 pop.

= 2100+3100+45 000+264 000 / 80M (X1000)

107
Q

There were 456 new COVID cases at the end of 2020 in a municipality with a population of 35,000. Compute for the incidence rate in %.

1.30
11.30
0.30
none of the above

A

1.30

456 / 35 000 (x100)

108
Q

At the end of 2020, pregnant mothers cause of death at the time of delivery were recorded and distributed in the following: hemorrhage 28, sepsis 19, eclampsia 12, complications from other diseases like heart disease and diabetes mellitus 4, accident in going to the hospital for delivery 3, bleeding sustained by the pregnant mother when she slides in the bathroom 3. There were 180,000 live births during the year and the population is 3.3 million. COMPUTE FOR THE MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE per 100,000.

38.33
36.66
35.00
3.66

A

35.00

28+19+12+4 / 180,000 X 100,000

109
Q

Which statement is not true for classical epidemiology?

studies the community origin of health problem
population oriented
interested in discovering risk factors
study patients in health care settings

A

study patients in health care settings

110
Q

What do you call the scientific study of disease at the level of the population?

clinical medicine
tissue or organ level
epidemiology
sub-molecular or molecular level

A

epidemiology

111
Q

What do you call a disease process that has begun but is still asymptomatic?

pre-disease
symptomatic
latent stage
all are correct

A

latent stage

112
Q

What do you call an epidemic curve that usually has a prolong period and irregular pattern?

common source exposure
person to person spread
propagated outbreak
B and C is correct

A

propagated outbreak

113
Q

Early intervention may prevent exposure to the agent of disease preventing the disease process from starting

secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
fourth prevention
primary prevention

A

primary prevention

114
Q

All of these are true statements for perinatal mortality rate except

stillbirths are included in the numerator
it also includes death during the first 28 days of life in the numerator
Live births are included in the denominator
stillbirths are also included in the denominator

A

stillbirths are also included in the denominator

115
Q

What health program should it be emphasized when the infant mortality rate is high?

Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Program
Nutrition Program
Maternal and Child Health Program
Expanded Program on Immunization

A

Maternal and Child Health Program

116
Q

Occurs when a dead fetus is delivered within the first 20 weeks of gestation

miscarriage
intermediate fetal death
still birth
late foetal death

A

miscarriage

117
Q

Which of the following tell us how many babies born alive would die before reaching one year of age in a given place and time?

specific child death rate
infant mortality rate
neonatal mortality rate
post natal mortality rate

A

infant mortality rate

118
Q

During a given year 25 cases of disease x are detected in a population of 85,000 college students. Many more students have mild symptoms of the disease, such as persistent daydreams. Of the 25 detected cases, 11 result in death. The ratio 11/25 represents

crude death rate
the pathogenicity
standardized mortality ratio
case fatality ratio

A

case fatality ratio

119
Q

To report the incidence rate of disease x in the preceding number, it would be necessary to know

the duration of the clinical illness
the mid-year population
the case fatality ratio
the crude death rate

A

the mid-year population

120
Q

For initial health problem like childhood infections the ideal solution would be

improved sanitation
control of vectors like Aedes egypti for dengue fever
erection of large health centers and hospital
vaccination

A

vaccination

121
Q

The methods of clinical epidemiology frequently are used to determine the

most effective treatment in a given situation
process of identifying the nature of the cause of disease
methods of risk estimation
probable course or outcome of a disease

A

most effective treatment in a given situation

122
Q

Infected disease that are spread by the fecal- oral route are most common in the

summer
early autumn
spring
winter

A

summer

123
Q

A patient is exposed to Hepatitis B. Human Immunoglobulin was administered after the exposure. What type of immunity the patient will develop?

cross reactivity
passive immunity
active immunity vaccines
hypersensitivity

A

passive immunity

124
Q

This vaccine would likely be dangerous to a person with immunodeficiency when given

Diptheria vaccine
Hepatitis b vaccine
tetanus vaccine
measles vaccine

A

measles vaccine

125
Q

What seeks to enhance the lives of individuals by helping them improve their health?

Preventive Medicine
Public Health
Family Medicine
Clinical Medicine

A

Preventive Medicine

126
Q

Aims to reduce the complication including disability and handicap

secondary prevention
primary prevention
tertiary prevention
primordial prevention

A

tertiary prevention

127
Q

Promote health in a population through the application of organized community efforts

Preventive medicine
Clinical medicine
Public health
all of the above

A

Public health

128
Q

A measure of health status that incorporates life expectancy and the perceived impact of illness and its disability

Quality Adjusted Life Years (QUALY))
Health Life Expectancy
Mortality rates
Health Profile

A

Quality Adjusted Life Years (QUALY))

129
Q

Represents a window of opportunity during which detection followed by treatment provides a better chance of cure

pre-disease stage
symptomatic stage
hidden stage
all of the above are correct

A

hidden stage

130
Q

Interrupt the disease process before it becomes symptomatic

secondary prevention
primary prevention
tertiary prevention (symptomatic)
No prevention

A

secondary prevention

131
Q

The disease that has been successfully eradicated by immunization

poliomyelitis
measles
chicken pox
smallpox

A

smallpox

132
Q

Folic acid

has eliminated goiter
has eliminated rickets
has reduced the incidence of dental caries
has prevented neural tube defect

A

has prevented neural tube defect

133
Q

A patient was bitten by a dog. Post exposure rabies immunoglobulin was administered. What type of immunity the patient will develop?

natural active immunity
artificial active immunity
natural passive immunity
artificial passive immunity

A

artificial passive immunity

134
Q

Artificial passive acquired immunity would result from

having the measles
ingestion of colostrum
receiving a gamma globulin injection
receiving a vaccine

A

receiving a gamma globulin injection

135
Q

Vaccines that are used to protect people from diphtheria and tetanus

antitoxins
attenuated vaccines
inactivated vaccines
toxoids

A

toxoids

136
Q

The goal of secondary prevention is the detection of disease or risk factors in the

pre-disease stage
pre-symptomatic stage
symptomatic stage
post disability stage

A

pre-symptomatic stage

137
Q

Which statement is not true for passive acquired immunity?

antibodies formed from one person are transferred to another t protect the latter from infection
receive antibodies rather than produce them
immunity is temporary from 3 to 6 months
resistance to infection is permanent

A

resistance to infection is permanent

138
Q

Most effective vaccine is a vaccine from living organisms and these are called

inactivated killed vaccine
toxoid vaccine prepared from exotoxin that have been inactivated
live attenuated or weakened vaccine
antitoxins

A

live attenuated or weakened vaccine

139
Q

Immunity that is acquired in response to vaccines

natural active acquired immunity
artificial active acquired immunity
natural passive acquired immunity
artificial passive acquired immunity

A

artificial active acquired immunity

140
Q

An example of secondary prevention is

detection and treatment of hypertension
early treatment of diabetic nephropathy
folic acid supplementation of food
vaccination against hepatitis B

A

detection and treatment of hypertension

141
Q

The approval of the varicella vaccine and the decision to provide it routinely to children were most clearly supported by

evidence about the effects of the vaccine on herd immunity
evidence of the protective efficacy of the vaccine
evidence regarding the duration of immunity
evidence about the effects of the vaccine on the occurrence of herpes zoster

A

evidence of the protective efficacy of the vaccine

142
Q

Factors that influence or known as determinants of our health

environment, behavior and nutrition
environment , genes and age
genes, age and nutrition
nutrition, environment and age

A

environment, behavior and nutrition

143
Q

Which one is not the goal of immunization?

elimination of disease
treatment of disease
eradication of disease
control of disease to reduce mortality and morbidity

A

treatment of disease

144
Q

What do you think is the basic goal of epidemiologic research?

compare two groups that differ in terms of exposure and outcome
eliminate all biases
establish causality
reject null hypothesis

A

compare two groups that differ in terms of exposure and outcome

145
Q

A pregnant mother was given tetanus toxoid

natural passive acquired immunity
artificial passive acquired immunity
natural active acquired immunity
artificial active acquired immunity

A

artificial active acquired immunity

146
Q

What are the two high risk factors that will result to a cardiovascular disease within 8 years on a 45 year old man?

smoker and high cholesterol level
smoker and severe hypertension
glucose intolerance and high cholesterol level
severe hypertension and high cholesterol level

A

severe hypertension and high cholesterol level

147
Q

Most common cause of cardiovascular disease

coronary artery disease
valvular heart disease
congenital heart disease
aortic aneurysm

A

coronary artery disease

148
Q

Close supervision of contacts for prompt recognition of illness by restricting their movement

quarantine
surveillance
detention
segregation

A

quarantine

149
Q

What type of analysis will you use if we want to measure in terms of the number of injuries, illnesses or deaths prevented?

cost effective analysis
cost benefit analysis
meta analysis
none of the above

A

cost effective analysis

150
Q

Which one will not reduce the frequency and seriousness of infectious diseases?

pure water supply
solid wastes disposal in a sanitary manner
arthropod and animal vector of diseases are controlled
changes in lifestyle

A

changes in lifestyle

151
Q

Which intervention constitutes secondary prevention as a component of pre-natal care?

performing a non-stress test before parturition
performing pelvic ultrasound examination during the second trimester of pregnancy
screening for and treating gestational diabetes
screening for rubella antibodies

A

screening for and treating gestational diabetes

152
Q

A severe malnutrition due to deficiencies in all nutrients usually due to poverty and scarcity of food and the child looks older

kwashiorkor
starvation
marasmus
all are correct

A

marasmus

153
Q

Which type of activities that falls under the umbrella of HEALTH PROMOTION?

SCREENING AND CASE FINDING
DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH LEGISLATION AND HEALTH MAINTENANCE ACTION
ALL OF THE ABOVE IS CORRECT

A

HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH LEGISLATION AND HEALTH MAINTENANCE ACTION

154
Q

What is the best explanation for the high prevalence of obesity in the U.S.A.?

an innate preference for sweet food, compounded by insulin resistance
a high calorie diet and a sedentary lifestyle
a deficiency of dietary fiber and excess protein
a genetic defect resulting in low basal metabolism

A

a high calorie diet and a sedentary lifestyle

155
Q

A statement that does not apply to kwashiorkor

often called an edematous malnutrition
develop during the weaning process
caused by lack of protein in the diet
result in deficiencies in all nutrients

A

result in deficiencies in all nutrients

156
Q

When the body mass index (BMI) is in the range of 36 to 38.

overweight
class I obese
class III obese
class II obese

A

class II obese

157
Q

Kills vegetative form of micro-organisms

fluoride
chlorine
aluminum sulfate
flocculent coagulates

A

chlorine

158
Q

Most important behavior change for improving health

diet modification
exercise
smoking cessation
breastfeeding

A

smoking cessation

159
Q

A patient was bitten by a dog. Post exposure rabies immunoglobulin was administered. What type of immunity the patient will develop?

cross reactivity
active artificial immunity
passive natural immunity
passive artificial immunity

A

passive artificial immunity

160
Q

Which one is not an objective of a screening program?

treatment to reduce mortality
treatment to reduce complications
to provide health promotion activities
treatment to eradicate infection and prevent its spread

A

to provide health promotion activities

161
Q

A patient is exposed to Hepatitis B. Human immune globulin was administered after the exposure. What type of immunity the patient will develop?

cross reactivity
passive immunity
active immunity
hypersensitivity

A

passive immunity

162
Q

In which of the following ways is health promotion distinguished from disease prevention?

only health promotion can begin before a disease becomes symptomatic
only health promotion involves materials and methods that are generally non-medical
only health promotion is targeted at populations rather than individuals
only health promotion is applied when a disease has developed

A

only health promotion involves materials and methods that are generally non-medical

163
Q

Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?

prescription drug therapy for symptoms of menopause
physical therapy after lumbar disc herniation
thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction
cholesterol reduction in a patient with asymptomatic coronary artery disease

A

cholesterol reduction in a patient with asymptomatic coronary artery disease

164
Q

Most frequent site of serious contact with environmental hazards is the

eye
GIT
lungs
Other:

A

lungs

165
Q

An indoor air pollutant of greatest public health importance is
carbon monoxide
dust
tobacco smoke
radon

A

tobacco smoke

166
Q

A visceral protein malnutrition that tends to occur in developing nations during the weaning of children from breast milk is known as

anasarca
cachexia
kwashiorkor
marasmus

A

kwashiorkor

167
Q

Of the following environmental hazards, the only one categorized as a non-threshold hazard is
carbon monoxide
lead
noise
ionizing radiation

A

ionizing radiation

168
Q

Ames test is used to

estimate the mutagenic potential of a chemical
quantify radiation exposure
determine antibiotic susceptibility
establish environmental standards for heavy metals

A

estimate the mutagenic potential of a chemical

169
Q

Symptomatic stage prevention attempts to halt or limit the future progression of disease. The strategies of symptomatic stage prevention include all of the following except

modification of diet
modification of behavior
modification of environment
modification of age

A

modification of age

170
Q

Specific protection against malaria is provided by

mosquito repellent
passive immunization
vitamin A supplementation
antimicrobial prophylaxis

A

antimicrobial prophylaxis

171
Q

To increase the understanding of the FACTORS CONTRIBUTINGTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DISEASE

do health legislation
do health prevention
do health education
NONE OF THE ABOVE

A

do health education

172
Q

What is an example of tertiary prevention?

hospice care
occupational therapy after a stroke (CVA)
total cholesterol levels do not correlate with risk
in contrast to triglyceride levels total cholesterol levels vary with meals

A

occupational therapy after a stroke (CVA)

173
Q

Under what circumstances can primary and tertiary prevention be achieved concurrently?

never because primary and tertiary prevention are mutually exclusive
when a patient is treated for hip fracture
when a patient is treated for active tuberculosis
when a patient is treated for myocardial infarction

A

when a patient is treated for active tuberculosis

174
Q

In the methods of Environmental Modification the most preferred is

preventing contact between people and the environmental hazards
water sanitation
control of disease vectors
eliminating or reducing the offending agent

A

eliminating or reducing the offending agent

175
Q

Pasteurization of milk is what level of prevention

primary level
primordial level
secondary level
tertiary level

A

primary level

176
Q

Which program is an example secondary prevention?

a community wide nutrition program at fast food establishments
a program to immunize persons exposed to infectious disease
Alcoholic Anonymous
an exercise program for persons who have a stroke

A

Alcoholic Anonymous

177
Q

Which one is an example of primary prevention?

Pap smear to identify disease at an early stage
radiation sensitive badges for workers in x-ray units
control of pre-eclampsia during pregnancy
folic acid supplementation of foods

A

folic acid supplementation of foods

178
Q

Which one is an example of secondary prevention

testing donated blood for HIV antibodies
maintaining a continuous supply of drug needed to treat TB
a patient was brought to the ER of urticaria associated with difficulty of breathing after being bitten by a bee then anti histamine drug was injected
chlorination which is the last stage of water treatment

A

testing donated blood for HIV antibodies

179
Q

Which one is an example of tertiary prevention?

prescription drug therapy for symptoms of menopause
pneumococcal vaccine in a patient who has undergone splenectomy
detection and treatment of hypertension
post exposure prophylaxis with immunoglobulin

A

prescription drug therapy for symptoms of menopause

180
Q

Maternal antibodies pass on to the child

natural passive acquired immunity
natural active acquired immunity
artificial passive acquired immunity
artificial active acquired immunity

A

natural passive acquired immunity

181
Q

One of these is an example of artificial active acquired immunity

a DPT vaccine was given
tetanus antitoxin was given to a child who has a punctured wound
patient had a history of mumps
a patient was bitten by a snake , an anti venom was administered

A

a DPT vaccine was given

182
Q

Encouraging the mother to continue breastfeed her baby

health education
health legislation
health maintenance
none of the above

A

health maintenance

183
Q

Recommending regular physical activity to a patient with no known medical problems

health promotion
secondary prevention
specific protection
tertiary prevention

A

health promotion

184
Q

Which of these is an example of specific protection?

vaccinating a health care worker against hepatitis B
Giving INH for one year to a 28 year old medical student whose result in the tuberculin skin test recently converted from negative to positive
performing carotid angiography in a patient with coronary artery disease
none of the above

A

vaccinating a health care worker against hepatitis B

185
Q

All population have access to appropriate and cost effective care

Assessment
Policy Development
Assurance
All of the above is correct

A

Assurance

PCM REVIEW (5 decks)

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