1st Week Flashcards
Routine clinical lab examinations in microbiology
- Culture and sensitivity of clinical samples
- Acid fast stain
- Gram’s stain
- environmental sample analysis
- Water analysis
- food bacteriology
pinapatubo uung microorganisms, hoping you will isolate the causative agent of the disease.
Culture
yung nagcacause ng uti or diarrhea, pinapatubo tong mga microorganisms na ito sa artificial medium called
culture media.
Culture is placed in
Petri dish
Most common culture
Bacterial and fungal culture
Rare culture
Viral culture
Where is viral culture found?
Special lab
= paraan na pag naisolate yung bacteria causing the diseas
Sensitivity
Para malaman kung san pwedeng mamatay ung bacteria na naisolate na probable causative agent ng disease ng patient.
Sensitivity
*bahala na yung doctor sa pagpili ng panel of antibodies na tinest. Pero yung pipiliin nila yung ——— sa clinical sample.
Pinakasensitive
Samples in microbiology
ihi, dugo, stool, CSF, body Fluids, scutum , tissues
Scutum
Plema
find the cause.
Is it Bacteria?
Culture
What medicine should
the doctor prescribe .
Sensitivity
Pag may tumubo na culture , kelangan gawan ng sensitivity.
Pag Walang tumubo
ibig sabihin, before the collection of sample,
the patient took antibiotics. ibig sabihin effective gamot niya kaya walang tumubong bacteria sa culture.
detects organism called acid fast bacteria
Acid fast stain
bacteria that is not affected by acid.
Acid fast bacteria
Detects if someone has TB
acid fast bacteria
Causes tuberculosis
Microbacterium tuberculosis
How long is the medication for TB
6 months
Most common tb
PTB or pulmonary tuberculosis
Sample for TB
Scutum
Sample in acid fast stain
Scutum?
unang nag devise ng method of staining for bacteria.
Hans christian gram
= one of basic ways of getting bacteria.
Gram stain
Gram positive:
Reacts to crystal violet or color violet
Gram negative:
Reacts to red na stain
Positive and negative ——-states what antibiotic should be given.
Gram stain
= done to monitor bacterial load of an area.
Environmental sample analysis
patient is contaminated due to high bacterial load of the area they are in.
Post operative infection
Water analysis is primarily
bacteriological water analysis
for coatability of water
Water analysis
to bottle water and filter water
Water analysis
For investigation of food poisoning
Food bacteriology
Nbacteria cannot be grown by isolation
FALSE
—> By appropriate procedures, they have to be grown separately (isolated) on culture media and obtained as pure for study.
Bacteria
bacteria have to be for them to be identified.
grown (cultured)
= unang ginamit na culture medium is meat broth or urine.
Louis pasteur
Culture medium ni louis pasteur
Meat broth or urine
2 type of medium
Solid and liquid medium
Diffuses growth
Liquid medim
Earliest liquid medium
: cooked potato
Cooked potato as medium
Robert fohc
Used gelatin as medium
Robert pox
—— used agar as suggested by ——- para ——-yung culture medium
Robert fohc also used agar as suggested by Frau Hesse para magsolidify yung culture medium.
= solidifying agent in culture medium
Agar
Agar is from
from seaweed extract
used gelatin but it failed because
gelatin gets eaten by bacteria -> gets liquified . ( kaya di maiisolate bacteria kase malulusaw na kaya epic fail to.
Why is agar not eaten by bacteria
It has no nutritive value
AGAR usually —ang concentration in which we use in culture medium to solidify medium.
2%
Agar has a characteristic that will melt at —- and solidify and set at —-
- 42Celcius
Kung ano shape ng petri dish yun din itsura ng agar pag tumigas. T OR F
True
discrete colony. ( colonies are separated from one another)
Solid medium
Earliest solid medim
Meat broth
visible collection of millions of bacteria originating from a single bacterial cell.
Colony
Culture media type can be based on
-> based on consistency, based in contituents or ingredients, based on oxygen requirements
Used para makita itsura ng bacteria pag tumubo. Kasama amoy.
Solid medium.
= does not make colony. walang agar.
Liquid medium
For enrichment - patuboin or enhance growth ng bacteria.
Liquid medium
= soft agar.
Semi solid medium
Agar content of semi solid medium
is 0.5 to 1.5% only.
Semi solid medium is used for
detection in bacteria on whether its motile or not
Why is a bacteria motile
Due to having a flagella
= basic components or ingredients so that bacteria will grow
Simple medium
Basic components of bacteria
protein source, peptone source, milk extract, acelyne, agar
Example of simple medium:
nutrient agar or nutrient broth
= have added ingredients to provide special nutrients needed by bacteria particular bacteria inorder to grow
Complex medium
from pure chem. Substances with its exact exact composition known.
Synthetic or defined medium =
enriched media.
Special media
Special media have substances added like ——that are used by bacteria to provide nutritional means especially for the fastidious bacteria
Blood, serum,egg
There are substances added like blood ,serum , egg that are used by bacteria to provide nutritional means especially for the fastidious bacteria
Special media
fastidious bacteria
Maarteng bacteria na hindi tutubo ng basta basta
Example of special media
Ex. Sheep’s blood agar = may dugo ng tupa
= mamamatay pag naexpose sa oxygen.
Dapat wlaang oxygen sa environment nila. Kelangan pa sila icultivate in an oxygen free medium, oxygen free environment.
Anaerobe
= hindi namamatay sa exposure ng oxygen
Aerob
Medium with e. Coli
Mac conkey’s medium
TCBS
has vibrio cholerae which causes cholera
Causes cholera
Vibrio cholerae
= type of culture media used when sampling
Swab
Ex. Of swab
Vaginal and throat swab
Coating medium used when transporting swab sample
Transport medium
What is swab for
Para makuha bacteria kung san ka nagswab
= used to grow anaerobic organism
Anaerobic media
Example of anerobic media
Ex. Robert’s culture medium and glycolate medium
TSI medium
( triple sugar iron agar )
= na ginagamit para maidentify kung talaga yung naisolate or nacultivate or tinubo mong bacteria is E. Coli
TSI medium
biochemical test medium to confirm E. coli
TSI medium
= test that will identify bacteria
TSI medium
= methods sa pagtanim or cultivate ng bactera
Culture method
also known as susceptibility or sensitivity testing
Lawn culture
study of the molecules, cells, organs and systems
Immunology
is responsible for the recognition and disposal of non-self substances;
Immunology
the response and interaction of body components and related interactions and the way the immune system can be eliminated to protect against or treat diseases.
Immunology
What division is serology
Immunology
division of immunology that specializes in laboratory detection and measurement of specific antibodies that develop in the blood during a response to exposure to a disease producing antigen.
Serology
uses serologic methods to determine blood groups and unexpected antibodies in the blood of persons donating or receiving blood.
Immunohematology or Blood Banking
Blood banking aka
Immunohematology
Immunohematology or Blood Banking uses ————- methods to determine blood groups and unexpected antibodies in the blood of persons donating or receiving blood.
Serologic
What does blood banking determine
Blood grouo and unexpected antibodies in blood of person donating or receiving blood,
= it is an immunogobulin
Antibody
Globulin
A proteim
Antibody is found in
Blood. Sa serum or liquid portion
ginagamit yung liquid portion ng blood para matignan kung nagkaron siya ng ancounter sa isang antigen
Serology
Ssample in serology
Serum
Reagent in serology
Antigen
Pag may buo buo sa serum sample in serology ibig sabihin
May antibody an specific for the antigen that was tested
= nakikilala ng body naten ang aten at hindi sa aten
Immunology
Iniinom para di marecognize ng katawan na transplant lang yung asa body niya
Immunosuppresant or CYA
Principle of immunologic and serologic methods
-> agglutination, precipitation, flocculation
More sensitive than precipitation.
Agglutination
marker that there is a corresponding antibody that attach to particular antigen.
Agglutination
term used to describe the aggregation of particular test antigens.
Agglutination
= clumping together of insoluble molecules.
Agglutination
Agglutination is the clumping together of ——-
Insoluble molecules
2 stages of agglutination
2 stages: sensitization and lattice formation
physical attachment of antibody molecule to the corresponding antigen.
Sensitization
Nakikilala niya yung kapareha niyang antigen. Yung antibody nakikita nagaattach yun sa corresponding antigen.
Sensitization
= pagdikit dikit ng antigen-antibody pairs.
Lattice formation
= establishment of crosslinks between sensitized particles of attached antigen and antibody.
Lattice formation
= Involves aggregation of soluble test antigens
Precipitation
= designed for antibody detection that are based on interaction of soluble antigens with antibodies, producing a precipitate of fine particles that can be seen with the naked eye.
Flocculation
Flocculation cannot be seen by naked eye
FALSE IT CAN BE SEEN BY NAKED EYE 👀
nakasuspend yung precipitate or soluble antigens bound with antibodies
Flocculation
Particles in Flocculation are
Suspended
Solution
Agglutination
Supernate
Precipitate
Tests in serology
Widal test, ASO test, RPR,
Sample in widal test
Typhidot
Test to check if patient thypoid
Widal test
= used to detect anti streptolysin o antibodies in a patient serum in case of streptococcus infection.
ASO test
Rpr
Rapid plasma reagin
Used to detect syphilis antibodies in patient serum.
Rpr
Syphilis antibodies
Reagin
sexually transmitted disease caused by or its reagent is treponema pallidum.
Syphilis
Syphilis is caused by or its reagent is
treponema pallidum.
antibody na nafoform sa serum niya pag naexpose sa treponema pallidum. Treponema pallidum exposure.
Reaginic antibodies
HIV testing is a test in blood banking
False it is in serology
= The procedures involved in collecting, storing and
processing blood and the distribution of RBC’s and blood components.
Blood banking
How much blood in blood bag in one donor
450-500ml of blood
Anticoagulant in blood bag
ACDCPD ( anticoagulant citrate phosphate dextrose solution)
Temp. Of ref where blood is stored should be
2-8Celcius
= kukuhain components ng blood
Component preparation
academic knowledge and procedures
involving the study of the immunologic responses to blood
components.
Immunohematology
Reaction pagkatransfuse ng dugo.
Immunohematology
= The medical practice and techniques
associated with replacement of RBC’s and blood components.
Transfusion medicine
Kinukuha sa dengua
Platelet
Sakit na sira rbc
Hemolytic anemia
Tests in blood banking
-> blood typing, compatibility testing, component preparation
pinakakilala and most applied in med practice
ABO and Rh grouping
99% of —- are Rh
99% of filipinos are Rh positive
Rh negative yung mga dugo ng
Caucasian or Indian ang mga Rh negative
Location of antigen
Red cell
according to ——, you will get your blood type.
antigen
Wala kang antigen a or b
= type O positive
2 types of blood typing:
→ forward and back typing
direct cell antigen or frontal
= employs undetermined RBC and known antibody or antisera
Forward typing
Reagent of forward typing
antibody or antisera
reagent can be colored ———contained in ———
Blue, yellow or white… dropping bottle
Yellow reagent
Anti b
Blue reagent
Anti a
White reagent
Rh reagent
Pag may white na reagent
Rh positive
Pag si red cell nagkaron ng attachment sa specific na antibody, magkakarong ng
agglutination
= employs undetermined serum and known rbc antigens
Back typing
Sample in back typing
Serum kase d2 antibody
Reagent jn back typing
Reagent: no antigen, no red cell.
includes series of test that will comprise of correct identification of donor and recipient
Compatibilty testing
2 stage of compatibility testing
Screening, test ,test for unexpected antibodies that will cause the transfusion reaction, ( cross matching]
pinaka major procedure of compatibility testing
Cross matching
2 type of cross matching
2 types: major and minor
Red cell of donor pagsasamahin tas titignan reaction against serum of patient. patient serum donor set.
Major cross match
paghahaluin donor’s serum and patient’s rbc
Minor cross match
In cross matching No reaction means.
compatible
prineprepare natin products from whole blood by mechanical methods especially centrifugation
Component preparation
prineprepare natin products from whole blood by mechanical methods especially ——-
Centrifugation
Parang malaking washing machine na malamig.umiikot ng mabilis na iba iba takbo. When you spin blood on different centrifugal force, youll be able to
derive fractions or components of blood.
Parang malaking washing machine na malamig.umiikot ng mabilis na iba iba takbo. When you spin blood on different centrifugal force, youll be able to derive fractions or components of blood.
refrigerated centrifuge.
Blood components in component preparation
red cell concentrates, platelet concentrates, fresh plasma and cryoprecipitate.
Shelf life of whole blood and reason for it
21/35 days due to ACDCD
Is whole blood refrigerated
Yes
Is rbc refrigerated
Yes
Shelf life of rbc
42 days
Shelf life of platelets
5 days
Platelets color
None. Colorless
Is platelet refrigerated
No…dapat room temp. with constant agitation to prevent clumping
Needs to ba in room temp. with constant agitation to prevent clumping
Platelet
Is plasma refrigerated
No it is frozen
Color of cryoprecipitated ahf
White
Why do we need to agitate platelets constantly
To avoid clumping. Madikit kase platelets pag di ginanto magcaclump sila
Other tests done in lab
-> drug testing, paternity testing, molecular pathology, PCR, IHC ( immunohisto chemistry)
Needed in Getting driver’s license
Drug testing
Drug testing is normally for
Shabu and marijuana
Confirmatory test in drug testing
= GCMS (gas chromatography mass spectronomy).
During collection of blood test may ginagamit na ganuto. 5 sheets of paper na kelangan fill upan ng magpapadrugtest para anytime na magcollect siya ng sample inoobserve ng medtech
ccf or custody in control form
Drug testing can be used in one of several different ways:
Medical screening
Legal or Forensic testing ( kinamatay)
Employment Drug testing ( bago ihire)
Sports/Athletic testing
Ecstasy. Colored pill or party drug
Amphetamine
Med sa may epilepsy
Barbiturates
Sleeping pill
Benzodiazepines
Drug for rich kids
Cocaine
Drug in Cough syrup
Opiates
= dapat every 4 hours lang yng jba nagooverdose
Pag above therapuatic levels na it couod be fatal
Aspirin
= determine wether a particular man is the biological father of a particular chikd
Paternity testing
combines histological, immunological and biochemical technique for identification of specific tissue components by means of specific antigens-antibody reaction tagged with a visible label
Immunohistochemistry
Sample in Immunohistochemistry
Tissue.
antigen antibody reaction galing dito
Tissue
Immunohistochemistry is detected through
Chemical
pwede malocate yung cancer cell, gene that causes illness of patient, abnormal protein.
Immunohistochemistry
