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UTS > 1st topic > Flashcards

1st topic Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the first group of thinkers to move away from myths and seriously question the nature of reality, including the self?

A

The Greeks

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2
Q

Which civilization is known for initiating philosophical inquiry into the nature of the self and the world?

A

The Greeks

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3
Q

What fundamental question alongside the nature of the self did early Greek philosophers explore?

A

The primary substratum that defines the multiplicity of things in the world.

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4
Q

What method did the Greeks use to approach the question of the self, moving away from mythological explanations?

A

Rational Inquiry

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5
Q

Who are considered the earliest thinkers in the history of Western philosophy?

A

The Greek Philosophers

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6
Q

Which philosophical tradition is credited with seriously questioning myths to understand reality?

A

Greek philosophy

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7
Q

What is the primary focus of the philosophical inquiry on the self in ancient Greece?

A

The fundamental nature of the self and reality.

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8
Q

What do the different perspectives on the self from ancient to contemporary times represent?

A

Conjectures made by philosophers about the nature of the self.

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9
Q

What were the Pre-Socratics preoccupied with?

A

The question of the primary substratum, arché, that explains the multiplicity of things in the world.

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10
Q

Who were some of the key Pre-Socratic philosophers?

A

Thales, Pythagoras, Parmenides, Heraclitus, and Empedocles.

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11
Q

What kind of explanation were the Pre-Socratics looking for regarding the world?

A

An explanation about the nature of change, the seeming permanence despite change, and the unity of the world amidst its diversity.

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12
Q

Who was the first philosopher to systematically question the problem of the self?

A

Socrates

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13
Q

What did Socrates consider the true task of the philosopher?

A

To know oneself.

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14
Q

What famous statement did Socrates affirm according to Plato?

A

The unexamined life is not worth living.

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15
Q

During his trial, what did Socrates claim was the reason for his indictment?

A

His going around Athens engaging men to question their presuppositions about themselves and the world.

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16
Q

What role did Socrates believe he played in Athenian society?

A

A “gadfly” that disturbed Athenian men from their slumber to reach the truth and wisdom

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17
Q

What did Socrates believe every human person is composed of?

A

Body and soul

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18
Q

According to Socrates, what are the characteristics of the body and soul?

A

The Body is imperfect and impermanent
The Soul is perfect and permanent.

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19
Q

Which philosopher expanded on Socrates’s idea of the dual nature of body and soul?

A

Plato

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20
Q

What are the three components of the soul according to Plato?

A

Rational soul
Spirited soul
Appetitive soul.

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21
Q

What is necessary for justice in the human person according to Plato?

A

The three parts of the soul working harmoniously with one another.

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22
Q

Which part of the soul should govern the affairs of the human person, according to Plato?

A

The Rational Soul

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23
Q

What should be controlled in order to achieve a just and virtuous soul, according to Plato?

A

The Spirited part (in charge of emotions) and the Appetitive soul (in charge of base desires).

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24
Q

Whose view of the human person reflects the spirit of the medieval world?

A

Augustine’s

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25
Q

Which ancient philosopher’s view did Augustine follow and infuse with Christian doctrine?

A

Plato

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26
Q

According to Augustine, what are the two aspects of man?

A

One aspect dwells in the world and is imperfect, while the other is capable of reaching immortality.

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27
Q

What does Augustine say about the body and the soul?

A

The body is bound to die on earth, while the soul anticipates living eternally in a realm of spiritual bliss in communion with God.

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28
Q

Where does Augustine believe the soul can exist after death?

A

In an eternal realm with the all-transcendent God.

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29
Q

What is the goal of every human person according to Augustine?

A

To attain communion and bliss with the Divine by living his life on earth in virtue.

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30
Q

Which medieval philosopher appended ideas to the Christian view of the human person?

A

Thomas Aquinas

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31
Q

From which ancient philosopher did Aquinas adapt some ideas?

A

Aristotle

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32
Q

According to Aquinas, what are the two parts that compose man?

A

Matter and form.

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33
Q

What does the term “matter” or hyle refer to in Aquinas’s philosophy?

A

The “common stuff that makes up everything in the universe.”

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34
Q

What part of the human person does Aquinas say is part of matter?

A

The Body

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35
Q

What does the term “form” or morphe refer to according to Aquinas?

A

The “essence of a substance or thing.”

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36
Q

According to Aquinas, what makes a human person a human person and not an animal?

A

His soul, his essence

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37
Q

In Aquinas’s view, what animates the body and makes us human?

A

The Soul

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38
Q

According to Augustine, what does the imperfect aspect of man continuously yearn for?

A

To be with the Divine

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39
Q

What does Augustine believe the soul will experience in the eternal realm?

A

Spiritual bliss in communion with God.

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40
Q

In Aquinas’s philosophy, what does “hyle” specifically refer to in the context of the human person?

A

The body, which is part of the common matter that makes up everything in the universe.

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41
Q

What does Aquinas argue distinguishes humans from animals, despite similarities in their bodies?

A

The soul or essence

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42
Q

What term does Aquinas use to describe the “essence” of a substance or thing?

A

Form or morphe

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43
Q

According to Aquinas, what is shared between humans and other living organic beings?

A

The body, composed of cells similar to those of other animals.

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44
Q

In Augustine’s view, why is the body bound to the imperfect physical world?

A

Because the body can only thrive in the imperfect, physical reality that is the world.

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45
Q

How does Aquinas define the relationship between body and soul?

A

The Body is Matter, and the Soul is the form that Animates and Defines the human person.

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46
Q

Who is considered the Father of Modern Philosophy?

A

René Descartes.

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47
Q

In which famous treatise does Descartes claim that much of what we believe may turn out to be false?

A

The Meditations of First Philosophy

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48
Q

According to Descartes, what is the standard for believing something to be true?

A

It must pass the test of doubt and be so clear and lucid that it cannot be doubted.

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49
Q

What does Descartes say is the one thing that cannot be doubted?

A

The existence of the self.

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50
Q

What is Descartes’s famous philosophical statement that expresses the certainty of the self’s existence?

A

Cogito ergo sum (“I think, therefore, I am”).

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51
Q

According to Descartes, what proves the existence of the self?

A

The act of doubting itself, because it shows there is a thinking, doubting self.

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52
Q

What are the two distinct entities that make up the human person according to Descartes?

A

The cogito (the mind) and the extenza (the body).

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53
Q

What does Descartes describe the body as in relation to the mind?

A

A machine that is attached to the mind.

54
Q

According to Descartes, what truly makes a man a man?

A

The mind, not the body.

55
Q

How does Descartes define a “thinking thing”?

A

A thing that doubts, understands (conceives), affirms, denies, wills, refuses, imagines, and perceives.

56
Q

What does the term cogito refer to in Descartes’s philosophy?

A

The mind, or the thing that thinks.

57
Q

What does the term extenza refer to in Descartes’s view of the human person?

A

The body, or the extension of the mind.

58
Q

What philosophical method does Descartes use to determine truth?

A

The method of doubt.

59
Q

What is the relationship between the mind and body according to Descartes?

A

The mind and body are two distinct entities, with the body acting as a machine attached to the mind.

60
Q

According to Descartes, why can the self not be doubted?

A

Because the very act of doubting confirms the existence of a thinking self.

61
Q

What does Descartes say about propositions that are not clear and cannot pass the test of doubt?

A

They should not be believed

62
Q

According to Descartes, what is the ultimate proof of one’s existence?

A

The fact that one thinks (cogito), which leads to the conclusion “I think, therefore, I am.”

63
Q

Who is David Hume?

A

A Scottish philosopher amd empiricist

64
Q

What does Hume argue about the self?

A

The self is nothing like what his predecessors thought of it and is not an entity over and beyond the physical body

65
Q

This is the school of thought that espouses the idea that knowledge can only be possible if it is sensed and experienced.

A

Empericism

66
Q

How can men attain knowledge, according to Hume?

A

By experiencing

67
Q

What is the self according to Hume?

A

A bundle of impressions

68
Q

What are impressions, according to Hume?

A

Basic objects of our experience or sensation.

69
Q

Why are impressions vivid, according to Hume?

A

Because they are products of our direct experience with the world.

70
Q

What are IDEAS, according to Hume?

A

Copies of impressions that are not as lively and vivid

71
Q

What is the self described as in Hume’s view?

A

A bundle or collection of different perceptions, which are in a perpetual flux and movement.

72
Q

Why do men believe in a unified self, according to Hume?

A

Because men simply want to believe there is a unified, coherent self.

73
Q

What does Hume believe about how we know someone is another human person?

A

We know someone is another human person not because we have seen their soul, but because we SEE, HEAR, and TOUCH them.

74
Q

What forms the core of our thoughts, according to Hume?

A

Impressions form the core of our thoughts.

75
Q

What example does Hume give to explain impressions?

A

When one touches an ice cube, the cold sensation is an impression.

76
Q

How does Hume describe the feeling of being in love for the first time?

A

The feeling of being in love for the first time is an idea.

77
Q

How are impressions and ideas categorized according to Hume?

A

Impressions are the basic objects of our experience
Ideas are copies of impressions.

78
Q

How are impressions and ideas categorized according to Hume?

A

Impressions are the basic objects of our experience
Ideas are copies of impressions.

79
Q

What do men think the self is, according to Hume?

A

Men think the self is a unified, coherent soul or mind.

80
Q

What does Hume say the self really is?

A

The self is simply a combination of all experiences with a particular person.

81
Q

What does the self succeed with, according to Hume?

A

The self succeeds with different perceptions that change rapidly and are in perpetual flux.

82
Q

Why was the “self as a mere combination of impressions” problematic for Immanuel Kant?

A

Kant thought that there must be an organizing principle that regulates the relationship of all these impressions.

83
Q

What does Kant recognize about Hume’s account?

A

He recognizes the veracity that everything starts with perception and sensation of impressions.

84
Q

According to Kant, what organizes the impressions that men get from the external world?

A

The mind organizes the impressions.

85
Q

What are time and space according to Kant?

A

Time and space are ideas that one cannot find in the world but are built in our minds.

86
Q

What does Kant call time and space?

A

The apparatuses of the mind.

87
Q

What goes along with the apparatuses of the mind?

A

The “self” goes along with the apparatuses of the mind.

88
Q

What role does the self play according to Kant?

A

The self organizes the different impressions in relation to one’s own existence.

89
Q

What does Kant suggest about intelligence?

A

Kant suggests that it is an actively engaged intelligence that synthesizes all knowledge and experience.

90
Q

What is the self also the seat of, according to Kant?

A

The self is the seat of knowledge acquisition for all human persons.

91
Q

What is the self besides being what gives one his personality?

A

It is also the seat of knowledge acquisition for all human persons.

92
Q

What is the self besides being what gives one his personality?

A

It is also the seat of knowledge acquisition for all human persons.

93
Q

What does Kant think about how impressions are infused into the human person?

A

Kant thinks impressions are not randomly infused into the human person without an organizing principle

94
Q

What regulates the relationship of all the impressions, according to Kant?

A

An organizing principle regulates the relationship of all these impressions.

95
Q

What does Kant believe is necessary for organizing impressions?

A

A mind is necessary to organize the impressions.

96
Q

How does Kant view the self in relation to knowledge and experience?

A

The self synthesizes all knowledge and experience.

97
Q

How does Kant’s view of the self differ from Hume’s?

A

Kant believes the self is an organizing principle, while Hume believes the self is a mere bundle of impressions.

98
Q

He solve the mind-body dichotomy by blatantly denying the concept of an internal, non-physical self.

A

Gilbert Ryle

99
Q

What truly matters for Ryle?

A

The behavior that a person manifests in his day-to-day life.

100
Q

What analogy does Ryle use to explain his view of the self?

A

He compares looking for the self to visiting a friend’s university and looking for the “university.”

101
Q

What does Ryle say about visiting the campus, library, and football field?

A

One can visit the campus, library, football field, and meet the administrators and faculty and still not find the “university.”

102
Q

Why can one not find the “university,” according to Ryle?

A

Because the campus, people, systems, and territory all form the university.

103
Q

What does Ryle suggest about the “self”?

A

The self is not an entity one can locate and analyze.

104
Q

What does the term “self” refer to, according to Ryle?

A

The convenient name that people use to refer to all the behaviors that people make.

105
Q

What does Ryle believe one is really looking for when searching for the self?

A

One is looking for a non-existent entity.

106
Q

In Ryle’s view, how should the self be understood?

A

The self should be understood in terms of behavior, not as a physical or internal entity.

107
Q

Who is Merleau-Ponty?

A

A phenomenologist.

108
Q

What does Merleau-Ponty assert about the mind-body bifurcation?

A

He asserts that the mind-body bifurcation is a futile endeavor and an invalid problem.

109
Q

How does Merleau-Ponty’s view differ from Ryle’s?

A

Unlike Ryle, Merleau-Ponty does not deny the “self” but says the mind and body are so intertwined they cannot be separated.

110
Q

According to Merleau-Ponty, what kind of experience is all experience?

A

All experience is embodied.

111
Q

What does Merleau-Ponty say about one’s body?

A

One’s body is his opening toward his existence to the world.

112
Q

Why are men in the world, according to Merleau-Ponty?

A

Because of their bodies.

113
Q

What does Merleau-Ponty dismiss in his philosophy?

A

He dismisses Cartesian Dualism.

114
Q

What does Merleau-Ponty say about Cartesian Dualism?

A

He says it is nothing else but plain misunderstanding.

115
Q

What are all one, according to Merleau-Ponty?

A

The living body, his thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all one.

116
Q

What does Merleau-Ponty think cannot be separated from each other?

A

The mind and body cannot be separated from one another.

117
Q

What historical impact does Merleau-Ponty attribute to Cartesian Dualism?

A

He attributes much devastation in the history of man to Cartesian Dualism.

118
Q

What does Merleau-Ponty suggest is essential for understanding existence?

A

He suggests that the embodied experience is essential for understanding existence.

119
Q

What does Merleau-Ponty imply about the nature of the living body?

A

He implies that the living body is integral to thoughts, emotions, and experiences.

120
Q

How does Merleau-Ponty’s perspective challenge traditional views?

A

His perspective challenges traditional views by asserting the inseparability of the mind and body.

121
Q

Give examples of poet-theologians

A

Homer
Hesiod

122
Q

These men endeavored to finally locate art explanation about the nature of change the seeming permanence despite change, and the unity of the world amidst its diversity.

A

Homer and Hesiod

123
Q

Who is Socrates’ student?

A

Plato

124
Q

Who said that there are three components of the soul: the Rational soul, the Spirited soul, and the Appetitive soul

A

Plato

125
Q

magnum opus of Plato

A

“The Republic”

126
Q

Who is the most eminent thirteenth century scholar and stalwart of the medieval philosophy, appended something to this Christian view.

A

Thomas Aquinas

127
Q

What is matter in greek?

A

hyle

128
Q

What is “form” in greek?

A

Morph

129
Q

Father of Modern Philosophy conceived of the human person as having a body and a mind. I

A

Rene Descartes

130
Q

Rene Descartes’ famous treatise

A

The Meditations of First Philosophy

131
Q

In ___________ view, the body is nothing else but a machine that is attached to the mind. The human person has it but it is not what makes man a man. If at all, that is the mind

A

Descartes’

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