1st Semesters Finals Flashcards
What is observation
The process of gathering info about events or processes in a carefu” orderly way
Data is …
The info gathered from observation
What is inference
A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience
Hypothesis is
A proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations
What is an ideal controlled experiment
1 variable changed at a time. All other variables kept unchanged
Manipulated variable
Variable that is deliberately changed
Responding variable
The variable that is observed and changes in response to the manipulated variable
Theory
Well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
What is a cell
The smallest unit capable of all life functions
2 types of reproduction
Sexual and asexual
What is homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment
The largest level of biological study is….
The biosphere
What are microscopes
A device that produces and magnifies structures of images too small to see with the naked eye
A laboratory technique in which cells are separated into cell parts
Cell fractionation
What are the two main types of chemical bonds
Covalent and ionic
What does the elements atomic number represents
Number of protons
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain are known as…….
Isotopes
Why all isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties
Because they have the same number of electrons
What holds atoms in a compound together
Chemical bonds
What is an ion
A Positively/negatively charged particle
The structure that results when at atoms are joined together by covalent bonds is called…
Molecule
The slight attractions that develops between oppositely charged regions of the nearby molecules are called
Van der waals forces
Is a water molecule neutral
Yes
Why is a water molecule polar
The charges are unevenly distributed
Cohesion
Substance sticking to itself
Adhesion
Substances sticking to other substance
What is the greatest solvent in the world
Water
What gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length
They can bind with themselves(other carbon)
Many of the molecules in living cells are so large that they are known as
Macromolecules
What are four groups of organic compounds found in living things
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
What atoms make up carbohydrates
Carbon hydrogen and oxygen
What are starches and sugars examples of
Carbohydrates
Single sugar molecules are also called
A saccharide
What are polysaccharides
Many sugars
How do plants and animals store excess sugars
Starch
What kinds of atoms are lipids mostly made of
Carbon and hydrogen atoms
What are 3 common categories of lipids
Fats, waxes, and oils
Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called
Fatty acids
3 ways fats are used in living things
As parts of biological membranes
To store energy
As a chemical messenger
Saturated lipid
Each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is joined to another atom by a single bond
Unsaturated
There is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid
Polyunsaturated
A lipids fatty acids contain more than one double bond
Nucleic acids contain what kinds of atoms
Hydrogen nitrogen oxygen carbon phosphorus
monomers that make up nucleic acids
Nucleotides
A nucleotide contains what 3 parts
5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Function of nucleic acids in living things
Store and transmit hereditary or genetic info
2 kinds of nucleic acids
RNA DNA
Proteins contain what kinds of atoms
Nitrogen carbon hydrogen oxygen
Proteins are polymers of molecules called
Amino acids
4 roles that proteins play in living things
Control the rate of reaction’s, regulate cell processes, form bones and muscles, transport substances into/out of cells or helps to fight diseases
What is a chemical reaction
A process that changes one set of chemical reactants into a set of chemical products
Chemical reactions always involve changes in chemical…
Chemical bonds
What is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are broken
Energy
Chemist called the energy needed to get a reaction started…
Activation energy
What is the catalyst
Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Proteins the actors biological catalysts are called
Enzymes
The reactants of enzyme catalyzed reaction’s are known as…
Substrate
The binding together of an enzyme in the substrate forms…
Enzyme catalyzed reaction
What is ecology
The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment
What does the biosphere contain
Land water air/atmosphere
Species
A group of organisms so similar to one another they can breed together and produce fertile offspring
Population
The group of individuals that belong to the same species that live in the same area
Community
Collection of different populations that live together in an area
Ecosystem
Includes all organisms that live in a particular place together with their physical environment
Biome
A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities
What is the highest level of organization the ecologist study
Biosphere
What are the three basic approaches scientist use to conduct modern ecological research
Observing experimenting and modeling
What are autotrophs
Like producers organisms that captures energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food
What do autotrophs do during photosynthesis
They use light energy to make food
What is chemo synthesis
Process in which autotrophs use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
Heterotrophs are also called
Consumers
Plant and animal remains and other dead matter or collectively called
Detritivores
How does energy flow through an ecosystem
One direction; flows from sun to autotrophs to heterotrophs
Food chain
Series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
Food web
Links together all food chains in ecosystem
What is the trophic level
Each step in a food chain/web
What does the consumer in the food chain depend on for energy
The trophic level below it/producers
What is an ecological pyramid
Diagram that shows relative amounts of energy or matter passed on to each trophic level
Why is it the only part of the energy stored in one trophic level is passed on to the next level
Because the biomass decreases
What is biomass
Total amount of living tissue
What are four elements that make up over 95% of the body in most organisms
Oxygen carbon hydrogen and nitrogen