1st Semesters Finals Flashcards
1
Q
What is observation
A
The process of gathering info about events or processes in a carefu” orderly way
2
Q
Data is …
A
The info gathered from observation
3
Q
What is inference
A
A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience
4
Q
Hypothesis is
A
A proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations
5
Q
What is an ideal controlled experiment
A
1 variable changed at a time. All other variables kept unchanged
6
Q
Manipulated variable
A
Variable that is deliberately changed
7
Q
Responding variable
A
The variable that is observed and changes in response to the manipulated variable
8
Q
Theory
A
Well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
9
Q
What is a cell
A
The smallest unit capable of all life functions
10
Q
2 types of reproduction
A
Sexual and asexual
11
Q
What is homeostasis
A
Maintaining a stable internal environment
12
Q
The largest level of biological study is….
A
The biosphere
13
Q
What are microscopes
A
A device that produces and magnifies structures of images too small to see with the naked eye
14
Q
A laboratory technique in which cells are separated into cell parts
A
Cell fractionation
15
Q
What are the two main types of chemical bonds
A
Covalent and ionic
16
Q
What does the elements atomic number represents
A
Number of protons
17
Q
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain are known as…….
A
Isotopes
18
Q
Why all isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties
A
Because they have the same number of electrons
19
Q
What holds atoms in a compound together
A
Chemical bonds
20
Q
What is an ion
A
A Positively/negatively charged particle
21
Q
The structure that results when at atoms are joined together by covalent bonds is called…
A
Molecule
22
Q
The slight attractions that develops between oppositely charged regions of the nearby molecules are called
A
Van der waals forces
23
Q
Is a water molecule neutral
A
Yes
24
Q
Why is a water molecule polar
A
The charges are unevenly distributed
25
Cohesion
Substance sticking to itself
26
Adhesion
Substances sticking to other substance
27
What is the greatest solvent in the world
Water
28
What gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length
They can bind with themselves(other carbon)
29
Many of the molecules in living cells are so large that they are known as
Macromolecules
30
What are four groups of organic compounds found in living things
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
31
What atoms make up carbohydrates
Carbon hydrogen and oxygen
32
What are starches and sugars examples of
Carbohydrates
33
Single sugar molecules are also called
A saccharide
34
What are polysaccharides
Many sugars
35
How do plants and animals store excess sugars
Starch
36
What kinds of atoms are lipids mostly made of
Carbon and hydrogen atoms
37
What are 3 common categories of lipids
Fats, waxes, and oils
38
Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called
Fatty acids
39
3 ways fats are used in living things
As parts of biological membranes
To store energy
As a chemical messenger
40
Saturated lipid
Each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is joined to another atom by a single bond
41
Unsaturated
There is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid
42
Polyunsaturated
A lipids fatty acids contain more than one double bond
43
Nucleic acids contain what kinds of atoms
Hydrogen nitrogen oxygen carbon phosphorus
44
monomers that make up nucleic acids
Nucleotides
45
A nucleotide contains what 3 parts
5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
46
Function of nucleic acids in living things
Store and transmit hereditary or genetic info
47
2 kinds of nucleic acids
RNA DNA
48
Proteins contain what kinds of atoms
Nitrogen carbon hydrogen oxygen
49
Proteins are polymers of molecules called
Amino acids
50
4 roles that proteins play in living things
Control the rate of reaction’s, regulate cell processes, form bones and muscles, transport substances into/out of cells or helps to fight diseases
51
What is a chemical reaction
A process that changes one set of chemical reactants into a set of chemical products
52
Chemical reactions always involve changes in chemical…
Chemical bonds
53
What is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are broken
Energy
54
Chemist called the energy needed to get a reaction started…
Activation energy
55
What is the catalyst
Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
56
Proteins the actors biological catalysts are called
Enzymes
57
The reactants of enzyme catalyzed reaction’s are known as…
Substrate
58
The binding together of an enzyme in the substrate forms…
Enzyme catalyzed reaction
59
What is ecology
The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment
60
What does the biosphere contain
Land water air/atmosphere
61
Species
A group of organisms so similar to one another they can breed together and produce fertile offspring
62
Population
The group of individuals that belong to the same species that live in the same area
63
Community
Collection of different populations that live together in an area
64
Ecosystem
Includes all organisms that live in a particular place together with their physical environment
65
Biome
A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities
66
What is the highest level of organization the ecologist study
Biosphere
67
What are the three basic approaches scientist use to conduct modern ecological research
Observing experimenting and modeling
68
What are autotrophs
Like producers organisms that captures energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food
69
What do autotrophs do during photosynthesis
They use light energy to make food
70
What is chemo synthesis
Process in which autotrophs use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
71
Heterotrophs are also called
Consumers
72
Plant and animal remains and other dead matter or collectively called
Detritivores
73
How does energy flow through an ecosystem
One direction; flows from sun to autotrophs to heterotrophs
74
Food chain
Series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
75
Food web
Links together all food chains in ecosystem
76
What is the trophic level
Each step in a food chain/web
77
What does the consumer in the food chain depend on for energy
The trophic level below it/producers
78
What is an ecological pyramid
Diagram that shows relative amounts of energy or matter passed on to each trophic level
79
Why is it the only part of the energy stored in one trophic level is passed on to the next level
Because the biomass decreases
80
What is biomass
Total amount of living tissue
81
What are four elements that make up over 95% of the body in most organisms
Oxygen carbon hydrogen and nitrogen
82
How is the movement of matter through the biosphere different from the flow of energy
Matter unlike energy is recycled within and between ecosystems
83
Matter moves through an ecosystem in…
Bio geochemical cycles
84
What do bio geochemical cycles connects
Biological geological and chemical aspects of the biosphere
85
Water can enter the atmosphere by vibrating from the leaves of plants in the process of…
Transpiration
86
What are three nutrient cycles that place specially prominent roles in the biosphere
Carbon nitrogen and phosphorus
87
In what process do plants use carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis
88
What is nitrogen fixation
Certain bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia
89
What is dentrification
Other bacteria convert nitrogen compounds/nitrates back into nitrogen gas
90
Why is phosphorus essential to living things
Phosphorus is needed for molecules such as DNA and RNA
91
What is the primary productivity of an ecosystem
The rate at which organic matter is created by producers
92
When is the substance called a limiting nutrient
When an ecosystem is limited by single nutrient that his scarce or cycles very slowly
93
Why do algal blooms occur
A sudden increase in the number of algae
94
How is the weather different from climate
Weather is caused by certain time or place, climate is the average yearly condition
95
What factors cause climate
Latitude winds ocean currents in shape/height of landmasses
96
What is the worlds insulating blanket
The atmosphere
97
Why does solar radiation strike on different parts of earths surface an angle that varies throughout the year
Because of differences in latitude
98
What force drives winds and ocean currents
Unequal heating
99
Polar climate zone
Areas around north and south poles
| Cold areas
100
Temperate climate zone
Between the polar zones and the tropics
| Ranges from hot to cold depending on season
101
Tropical climate zone
Near the equator
| Almost always warm
102
Lipids are mostly made of what atoms
Carbon and hydrogen atoms
103
H2O2
Hydrogen peroxide
104
What was the purpose of adding liver to “used” H2O2
To show that energy is not used up in a chemical reaction because a chemical reaction still took place
105
The 3 elements that make up over 90% of organic molecules are
Carbon hydrogen and oxygen
106
What are subunits
Also known as monomers
107
Subunit of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
108
Prokaryotic
Organisms whose cells lack nuclei
Ex. Bacteria
109
Eukaryotic
Organisms whose cells contain nuclei
Contain organelles
Ex. Plants animals(humans) fungi protist
110
5 requirements to be considered a living thing
```
Are made of 1+ cells
Need energy to stay alive
Respond to stimuli in their environment
Grow and reproduce
Maintain a stable internal environment
```
111
Plant vs animal cell
Plant cells have a cell wall
| Plant cells have chloroplasts plant cells have a vacuole
112
Cell membrane
Regulates what enters/leaves the cell and provides protection/support
113
Mitochondria
Organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
114
Golgi apparatus
Modify, sort, and package proteins and other material from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell
115
Chloroplasts
Capture energy from Sunlight and convert it into chemical energy
116
Ribosomes
Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm
117
ER
Internal membrane system
118
Cell wall
Strong supporting layer around the membrane
119
Virus
A biological agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts
120
Why’s are viruses considered neither prokaryotes or eukaryotes
The lack the characteristics of living things except the ability to replicate(only accomplished in living cells)
121
Osmosis vs diffusion
Diffusion is from high to low concentration and osmosis is form low to high concentration
122
Types of active transport include
Endocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis exocytosis
123
What Happens if you place a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution
The blood cell will burst because of high solute concentration in cell and low solute concentration in solution
124
What happens to a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution
Cell will shrink because of low solute concentration in cell and high solute concentration in solution
125
How did Frederick Griffith contribute to the science of DNA
Learned that some factor from the disease causing bacteria turned harmless bacteria into disease causing ones
He called this process “transformation”
126
How did Oswald Avery contributes to the science of DNA
Found that DNA was the transforming factor in transformation
127
How did Alfred Hershey and Martha chase contribute to the science of DNA
They should genes are made of DNA
128
How did James Watson and Francis Crick contribute to the science of DNA
They discovered the DNA is shaped like a double helix
129
How did Franklin contribute to the science of DNA
She is best known for her work on the x-ray diffraction images of DNA which “led” to the discovery of the DNA double helix
130
Describe in as much detail as possible the structure of DNA
Do you need shaped like a double helix or twisted ladder and which two strands or wound around each other
The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between Adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine. The sugar phosphate backbone makes up the sides of the ladder
131
DNA replication
When before a cell divides it copies its DNA
132
The three steps of DNA replication including the names of the enzymes
Initiation
Enzymes know as the helicase unwind the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
Elongation
DNA polymerase controls elongation which only occurs in the leading direction. The lagging strand unwinds in small sections that DNA polymerase replicates in the leading direction
Termination
Do you know polymerase replaces RNA primers of DNA in ligase fills in the gap
133
How are the leading and lagging strand made during DNA replication
When replication begins the two parent DNA strands are separated. One of these is called the leading strand and it is replicated continuously in the direction. The other strand is the lagging strand and it is replicated discontinuously in short sections
134
What is the end product of DNA replication
To DNA molecules consisting of one new and one old chain of nucleotides
135
DNA vs rna
Do you know is a double stranded molecule while RNA is a single-stranded molecule
DNA uses Thymine and RNA uses Uracil
DNA has deoxyribose sugar while RNA has ribose sugar
136
Protein synthesis
Process for biological sells generate new proteins. It involves amino acid synthesis transcription and translation. Process of creating protein molecules
137
Transcription
Process where RNA is copied from DNA
138
Translation
Process in which genetic code in RNA is used to make proteins
139
Codon
Group of three nucleotides
140
How many amino acids exist in nature
22 amino acids are naturally incorporated into poly peptides and are called natural amino acids
141
What is the structure of a nucleotide
Consists of nitrogenous bases phosphate group and five carbon sugar
142
What is mutation
Changes in the sequence of DNA
143
Name the four spheres living systems are made up of
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere
144
Habitat
A place where the organism can find its food shelter protection and mates for reproduction
145
Photosynthesis versus chemosynthesis
Photosynthesis is powered by sunlight while chemosynthesis runs on chemical energy
146
Different types of heterotrophs
Herbivores carnivores and omnivores
147
Ecological succession
The process of change in a species structure of an ecological community overtime
148
Greenhouse effect
Process by which radiation from the planets atmosphere warms the planet surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere
149
Major community interactions in ecosystems
Predation competition and symbiosis
150
Temperate forest
Has soils rich in humus which forms from the king leaves and make soil fertile
151
Tundra
Characterized by permafrost a layer of permanently frozen subsoil’s
152
Tropical rainforest
Has a canopy which consist of toll trees forming a covering and an under story which consist of shorter trees and vines
153
Desert biome
Soils are rich in minerals but poor in organic material
Cactus and other succulents ate dominant plants
Less than 25cm of rain per year
154
Tropical savannas
Another name is grasslands
Savannas are found in large parts of Eastern Africa
Periodic fires and heavy grazing buy large herbivores maintain the characteristic plant community
155
Boreal forest
Dominant plans include Spruce and fir
| Dominant wildlife include moose and other large herbivores
156
Polar regions
Cold year-round
Plants include mosses and lichens
Dominic animals include polar bears seals insects and mites
157
Freshwater ecosystems
Two main types of rivers and streams
158
What is a wetland
And ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or his present at or near the surface of the soil at least part of the year
159
Three main types of freshwater wetlands
Bogs marshes and swamps
160
Photic zone
Well lit upper layer of water where photosynthesis can occur
161
Aphotic zone
Permanently dark zone below the photic zone
162
Three mean vertical divisions of the ocean based on the depth and distance from the shore
Intertidal zone
Coastal zone
Open ocean
163
Tolerance range
The ability of organisms to survive and reproduce under less than optimal conditions is
164
What are plants
They provide the base for food chains on land
Multicellular organisms with cell walls made of cellulose
Make their own food in the process of photosynthesis
165
What makes a plant life cycle unique
```
Plant life cycles of two phase is the alternate this is known as alteration of generations
A diploid (2N) phase called a sporophyte alternates with the haploid(N) phase called the gametophyte
```
166
Follow evolution of plants from earliest types to modern
Early land plants evolved from an organism that was like the multicellular green algae living today. Early plants adapted to a dry habitat several major groups of plants evolved bonus divide modern plants into four groups based on water connected tissues seeds and flowers
167
Bryophytes
Mosses liverworts and hornworts belong to this group
Don’t have tubes to move water and nutrients through the plant don’t have true leaves stems and roots(instead have rhizoids)
168
Seedless vascular plants
Ferns and their relatives belong in this group
| First plants to have vascular tissues that carry water and food throughout a plant
169
Seed plants
Divided into two groups called gymnosperms and angiosperms
170
Gymnosperms
Cone bearing plants
| produce seeds directly on the surface of cones
171
Angiosperms
Flowering plants
| produce seeds inside of tissue that protects them
172
Name the specialized tissue in plants
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue
Ground tissue
Meristematic tissue
173
Dermal Tissue
Like the skin of a plant
it protects the plant and prevents water loss
made up of epidermal cells of different shapes and functions
174
Vascular tissue
With water and nutrients throughout the plan
| consists of xylem tissue and phloem tissue
175
Xylem tissue
Moves water made up of two kinds of specialized cells called tracheids and vessel elements
176
Phloem tissue
Moves sugar
| consist of sieve tube elements and companion cells
177
Ground tissue
Made up of all the cells that line between dermal and vascular tissue made up of mostly parenchyma cells and some collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells
178
Parenchyma cells
Have been walls and function in photosynthesis and storage
179
Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells
These cells have thick walls that help support the plant
180
Roots
Have two functions
Anchor plant in the ground
Absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil
Made it from the four tissue systems
181
Taproots
Primary root grows long and thick secondary root stay small
182
Fibrous roots
Secondary roots grow and branch
183
Root pressure
Forces water upward through the xylem toward the stem
Happens once water and nutrients move inward through the cortex into the vascular cylinder where the water can’t leave which causes pressure to build up
184
Stem functions
Produce leaves branches and flowers
185
Monocots
Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the system
| there is only one seed
186
Dicots
Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring have two seeds
187
Leaf functions
Main organs of photosynthesis
Have a structure that enables them to absorb light and make food
Have adoption to prevent water loss when they exchange gases with air around them
188
Stomata
Small opening where they allow air
189
Capillary action
Where water is pulled up through the xylem with cohesion and moves upward with adhesion
190
Transpiration
When water moves from areas where there’s plenty of water to areas where there’s a little water when water evaporates from leaves water is drawn upwards from the roots to replace it
191
What does the phloem do in the transport in plants
Transports the sugars made in photosynthesis from the leaves into the stems and roots
the food is then either used or stored
192
Pressure flow hypothesis
Scientist use this to explain how phloem transport happens
| Hypothesis says that sugars move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
193
Alternation of generations
Type of lifecycle found in terrestrial plants and some algae in which subsequent generations of individuals alternate between haploid and diploid organisms
194
Flower(angiosperms) structure
Flowers are organs that are made up of four kinds of leaves
| Sepals petals stamens and carpels
195
Stamen
Produces male gametophytes
196
Carpels
Also known as pistils
| Produce female gametophytes
197
Fruit versus seeds
Fruits are the ripened ovary of angiosperms while seed is a fertilized ovule of both angiosperms and gymnosperms
Without the seeds the fruit cannot grow into a new plant but without the fruit the seed can grow into a new plan
198
Pollination VS fertilization
Pollination is the process of transferring of pollens from one flower to another while fertilization is the process after the successful transfer of pollination which involves the fusion of male gametes female gametes of plants
199
Endosperm
A tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization
it is triploid in most species
it surrounds the embryo and provides nutrients in the form of starch
200
Why are fruits important to angiosperms
Fruits are products of flowers in there for only occur in flowering plants
The function of the fruit is seed dispersal
201
How does plant health indicate ecosystem health
Think about:
Plants are the base of the food chain/web?
202
What roles do plants play in the health of humans
Think about:
We get oxygen from plants?
All our sources of food come from plants?
Plants are organisms just like humans?
Humans need plants to survive( get oxygen from)?
203
How did plants help humans understand genetics
Think about:
Looked at plants since they are much smaller?
Studied the plants?
