1st Semester Exam Flashcards
Name the two dorsal cavities
Spinal and cranial
What does the RUQ contain
Gallbladder, right lobe of liver, portions of pancreas
What does the RLQ contain
Appendix, right ovary, fallopian tube, right utterer
What does the LUQ contain
Spleen, stomach, left lobe of liver, portions of pancreas
What does the LLQ contain?
Left ovary, fallopian tube, left uterus
Diaphragm
Separates the thoracic cavity from the Abdominopelvic cavities
Which cavity houses the lungs
Plural
Which thoracic cavity houses the heart?
Midastium
Dorsal or ventral planes
Divides the body into front and back portions
4 types of tissues in the body
Muscle, epithelial, connective, nervous
Key ideas of muscle tissue with example
Movement, voluntary and involuntary
Ex: cardiac, skeletal, smooth
Key ideas associated with epithelial tissue?
Found throughout, lining internal organs, and covering on skin tissue
Example mucous membrane
Key idea ideas associated with connective tissue
Ex bone, cartilage, adipose tissue
Keyword associated with the nervous tissue
Electrical impulses
What cavities are ventral?
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
What is the Abdominopelvic cavities divided into
Abdominal- digestion organs
Pelvic- reproductive organs
What are three types of feedback in the body?
Negative, positive, feed forward
Describe the negative feedback type
Stabilize example body temp
Describe the positive feedback type
Stimulatory example child birth
Describe the feedforward feedback type
Anticipatory example digestion
McBerney’s point
The point that indicates where the appendix is located
Define mitosis
The division of a cell into identical daughter cell
Describe the mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, ATP
Describe the endoplasmic reticulum
Rough and smooth
Describe the ribosomes
Makes protein
Describe the Golgi apparatus
Processes and packages proteins
Describe the nucleus
Control center, DNA, nucleus – ribosomes
Describe lysosomes
Garbage disposal
Describe perexisomes
Detox
What is the plasma membrane made of?
Double layer of possible, lipid molecules – hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tales
What is the main function of the skin?
Protection
What are the other functions of the skin?
Temperature regulation, synthesis of vitamin D, storage of lipids, sensory reception, excretion of sweat/oil
What are the five stages of growth of the skin?
- Stratum germinativum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulsoum
- Stratum luciclum
- Stratum corneum
What are the levels of touch/pressure
Pacinion corpuscle- deep pressure
Meissner’s corpuscle- light touch
Ruffini corpuscle- heat/pressure
Describe the key points of the dermis
Middle layer, vascular, two layers – papillary and reticular
Contains Hair vocals, sweat, sebaceous, glands, blood, lymph vessels, nerves/sensory receptors, muscles
Describe the key points of the epidermis
Outermost layer, a vascular stratified, squamous, epithelium, arranged in layers/strata
Describe the subcutaneous layer of skin
Innermost layer, adipose, tissue, lipocyte, protection, insulation
What are the three layers of the skin?
Epidermis
Dermis aka true skin or corium
Subcutaneous
What is the normal body temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
98.6°F
Differentiate between a sweat gland and a sebaceous
Sweat- directly onto the surface of the skin through pores
Sebaceous – secretes sebum into hair and skin
What type of cells make up the epidermis?
A vascular stratified, squamous epithelium (flat scale like), keratin, melanocytes
What is keratin? Where do we find it?
Protein found in the skin, hair, nails; stratum germinativum
What are the different parts of the nail?
Keratin, nail root, nail bed/body, lunula, cuticle( layer of corneum that overlaps part of the nail)
Why are legions significant and how do we describe them?
Skin disorders, but not always a sign of disease, most skin conditions/diseases are diagnosed by lesions; describe by appearance, location, color, size in centimeters
Define melanocyte in what layer are they located?
Cell that produces melanin and give skin, hair, eyes their color; epidermis, stratum germinativum
Verracue (warts) are caused by what virus?
Benign tumor caused by HPV virus
Name the two divisions of the human skeleton and the number of bones in each
Axial (80)
Appendicular (126)
Osteocyte
Mature bone cell
Osteoblasts
Immature/bone forming cells
Osteoclasts
Bone destroying cells
How many vertebrae are in the cervical
Seven
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic?
12
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar?
Five
Define diaphysis of the long bone
Name part of the shot of the bone
What is in the medullary cavity (in diaphysis)
Red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow
Describe the epiphysis
Knotty ends of bone, cancellous or spongy bone, epiphyseal plate or line
Describe the periosteum
Hard outer covering of bone
Red bone marrow
Red blood cells
Yellow bone marrow
Lipocytes
What attaches bones to bone
Ligament
What attaches muscle to bone
Tendons
Breast bone
Sternum
Collar bone
Clavicle
Tailbone
Coccyx
Knee cap
Patella
How many true ribs are there?
Seven
How many false ribs are there?
Three
How many pairs of floating rib are there?
Two
What are the different types of joints?
Hinge ex elbow, knee
Ball and socket ex hip, shoulder
Gliding ex carpals, tarsals
Saddle ex thumb
Pivot ex forearm, neck
Ellipsoidal ex wrist
What is a hole in a bone called?
Foramen
What type of fracture penetrate through the skin?
Compound or open
Someone who grind their teeth may develop what disorder
TMJ
What part of the muscle does not move?
Origin
What part of the muscle does move?
Insertion
Agonist
Prime mover
Antagonist
Opposes (doesn’t move)
Synergist
Helper
Fixator
Stabilizer
The ability to be stimulated
Excitability
The ability to contract
Contractibility
The ability to stretch
Extensibility
Types of muscle contractions
Isometric- no change
Isotonic- change
Concentric- shortens
Eccentric- lengths
How do you perform a manual muscle test? How do you document the results?
Position PT to isolate muscles
Grade 0 to 5 (0 no movement to 5 normal)
Active (AROM)
Patient doing movement themselves
Passive (PROM)
Doing Movement for patient
AAROM (active assisted)
Device to help increase ROM
WNL
Within normal limits
What are the four chambers of the heart?
RA. LA
RV. LV
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
What are the AV valves and where are they located?
Tricuspid- b/w RA and RV
Bicuspid- b/w LA and LV
What are the SV valves in? Where are they located?
Semilunar
Pulmonary lunar- b/w RV & pulmonary artery
Aortic semilunar - b/w LV and Aorta
What are the SV valves in? Where are they located?
Semilunar
Pulmonary lunar- b/w RV & pulmonary artery
Aortic semilunar - b/w LV and Aorta
What are the steps of circulation?
Deoxygenated blood in the body -> veins -> vena cava -> RA -> tricuspid valve -> RV -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs to get O2 -> pulmonary veins -> LA -> bicuspid valve-> LV -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta-> arteries -> body
How does an impulse travel through the heart?
- Sinoatrial (SA) node in RA
- Wave of impulses travel through muscles of atria causing them to contract
- Atrioventricular (AV) node is stimulated (floor of RA) -> bundle of HIS (septum)
- Ventricles contract
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial node
