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Science 9 > 1st Qt. > Flashcards

1st Qt. Flashcards

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1
Q

The process of Getting oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide

A

Breathing

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2
Q

Breathing requires…

A

Pressure Change

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3
Q

Taking in air is called…

A

Inhalation/Inspiration

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4
Q

Taking out air is called…

A

Exhalation/Expiration

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5
Q

What happens when we inhale?

A

The Diaphragm contracts, the rib cage and lungs expand to draw air in.

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6
Q

What happens when we exhale?

A

The diaphragm expands (relaxes), the rib cage and lungs coil back to their original shape.

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7
Q

Moistens air and traps dust through a filter

A

Nose

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8
Q

Hair-like traps dust before entering the nasal cavity

A

Cilia

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9
Q

Passageway for food and air

A

Pharynx

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10
Q

Three main parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

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11
Q

Produces vibrations to produce sound (a.k.a. voice box)

A

Larynx

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12
Q

Protects the pharynx and prevents food from getting to the lungs

A

Epiglottis

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13
Q

Long muscular tube which traps bacteria & dust particles

A

Trachea

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14
Q

Looks like a vacuum hose and functions like the nose

A

Trachea

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15
Q

2-way passageway of air

A

Bronchi

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16
Q

Branches of bronchi

A

Bronchioles

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17
Q

Air sacs where gas exchange occurs

A

Alveoli

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18
Q

What happens in 𝙂𝙖𝙨 𝙀𝙭𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚?

A
  1. When we inhale, the air diffuses in the alveolus (sneaks in the layers)
  2. O2 is picked up by RBCs
  3. RBCs circulate all over the body
  4. RBC’s collect Co2 after O2 has been used up
  5. Co2 will be transported back to the lungs and released when we inhale.
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19
Q

A.k.a erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells

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20
Q

Lasts 120 days and make up 45% of the blood

A

Red Blood Cells

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21
Q

Oxygen carrying protein found in RBCs

A

Hemoglobin

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22
Q

A.k.a Leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells

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23
Q

Molecules capable of triggering an immune response (comes from the foreign body)

A

Antigen

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24
Q

Attaches to antigens (from the body)

A

Antibodies

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25
Q

Yellowish fluid tat makes up 55% of the blood and carries various substances

A

Plasma

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26
Q

A.k.a Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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27
Q

Makes up 4% of the blood and repairs tissues , closes internal and external wounds, lasts 5-9 days

A

Platelets

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28
Q

Inflammation of the passages of air (shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, chest tightness)

A

Asthma

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29
Q

Inflammation of the bronchioles (excessive mucus, chronic coughing)

A

Bronchitis

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30
Q

Caused by 𝙈𝙮𝙤𝙗𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙪𝙢 𝙏𝙪𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨, transmitted through cough/sneeze of an infected person and usually affects the upper part of the respiratory system (night sweats, lung failure)

A

Tuberculosis

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31
Q

Caused by the virus: Sars - Cov 2

A

Covid 19

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32
Q

Causes rapid uncontrollable tissue growth, results in tumors in the respiratory system

A

Lung Cancer

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33
Q

The Four Chambers Of the Heart

A

Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Right Atrium, Right Ventricle

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34
Q

Separates the two chambers

A

Septum

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35
Q

How does blood flow?

A

Deoxygenated blood goes to the inferior & superior vena cava > Right atrium > Tricuspid Valve > Right ventricle > Pulmonary artery > Lungs (becomes oxygenated blood) > Pulmonary vein > Left atrium > Mitral valve> Left ventricle > Aorta > The rest of the body

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36
Q

Elevated pressure in the arteries (narrowing due to plaque)

A

Hypertension

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37
Q

Formation of plaque in the arteries, hence hardening and narrowing

A

Atherosclerosis

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38
Q

Cancer in the blood (causes WBCs to malfunction)

A

Leukemia

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39
Q

Inability to develop blood clotting

A

Hemophilia

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40
Q

Lacks RBCs

A

Anemia

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41
Q

Skin of the heart

A

Pericardium

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42
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid, contains instructions for development and growth

A

DNA

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43
Q

Proteins in the chromosomes

A

Histones

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44
Q

Coils the nucleosomes, contains DNA

A

Chromatine

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45
Q

Coiled histones and nucleosomes, contains genetic material, found inside the nucleus and is made up DNA

A

Chromosomes

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46
Q

Copy of the chromosome

A

Chromatid

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47
Q

Short arm of a chromatid

A

p

48
Q

Long arm of a Chromatid

A

q

49
Q

Joins the two chromatids

A

Centromere

50
Q

Found at both ends of a chromosome

A

Telomeres

51
Q

Identical chromosomes

A

Homologous

52
Q

Create an immune response

A

T-cells

53
Q

Make antibodies fight foreign bodies

A

B-cells

54
Q

T-cells and B-cells

A

Lymphocytes

55
Q

Clean up debris in the blood

A

Monocytes

56
Q

Fight bacterial and fungal infections

A

Neutrophils

57
Q

Act during allergic reactions

A

Basophils

58
Q

Fight parasite infections

A

Eosinophils

59
Q

Three steps of Hemostasis

A

Vasoconstriction, Platelet plug formation, Blood Clotting

60
Q

Smallest Blood vessels

A

Capillaries

61
Q

Natural pacemaker

A

SA node

62
Q

2 types of cell division

A

Mitosis, Meiosis

63
Q

T/F: All cells originate from preexisting cells

A

True

64
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

Prophase (prepare)
Metaphase (middle/align)
Anaphase (apart)
Telophase (two/split)

65
Q

T/F: Mitosis needs a sperm and egg

A

False

66
Q

How many chromosomes are there?

A

46 (22 pairs of autosomes + 1 pair of sex chromosomes)

67
Q

2 sets of homologous chromosomes

A

Diploids

68
Q

1 set of homologous chromosome

A

Haploid

69
Q

Sperm and egg cells are…

A

Haploids

70
Q

Cytokenisis

A

cell division

71
Q

Sub phases of the interphase

A

G1 - Growth
S(synthesis) - Replication
G2 - Checkpoint

72
Q

Stages of Meiosis

A

Meiosis 1 - Crossing over

Meiosis 2 - Mitosis

73
Q

T/F: Mitosis produces 4 daughter cells

A

False, Meiosis does

74
Q

T/F: Meiosis produces 2 daughter cells

A

False, Mitosis does

75
Q

Series of events that take place in a cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells

A

Cell cycle

76
Q

takes the longest time in the cell cycle

A

Interphase

77
Q

The basic physical and functional unit of heredity

A

Gene

78
Q

pair of genes

A

Alleles

79
Q

Genetic makeup

A

Genotype

80
Q

the physical expression of a certain trait

A

Phenotype

81
Q

Same pair of alleles (eg: AA, BB, aa, bb)

A

Homozygous

82
Q

different pair of alleles (eg: Aa)

A

Heterozygous

83
Q

Stronger trait (A)

A

Dominant

84
Q

The first set of parents

A

First parental generation

85
Q

The first set of offsprings

A

First filial generation

86
Q

What are the three Mendelian Principles of Genetics?

A

Law of complete dominance (dominant/recessive)
Principle of allelism (Homo/hetero)
Law of segregation & recombination (punnet square)

87
Q

Describes the number of times a genotype would appear in the offspring after a test cross

A

Genotypic ratio

88
Q

Where are the parental traits placed in the punnet square?

A

top - father

bottom - mother

89
Q

Mixed type of dominance (red+white=pink)

A

Incomplete dominance

90
Q

caused by recessive pigment genes (albinism)

A

Epistasis

91
Q

exemption because of anatomical reasons

A

Sex limited traits

92
Q

multiple traits

A

polygenic traits

93
Q

flow of characteristics

A

pedigree

94
Q

Alteration of genes

A

DNA technology

95
Q

process of DNA technology

A

get DNA
obtain plasmid
compare the 2 DNAs to form a recombinant DNA
transfer recombinant DNA to another organism

96
Q

The regional dramatic change in weather

A

Climate change

97
Q

Extermination of a species

A

Extinction

98
Q

extinction caused by nature

A

Natural extinction

99
Q

extinction caused by human activity

A

Anthropogenic extinction

100
Q

Examples of anthropogenic extinction

A

Air, Water, Land, Noise pollution

101
Q

Excessive noise which can harm human and animals and disturb animals relying on echolocation

A

Noise pollution

102
Q

CO2 + H2O = Sunlight = glucose + oxygen

A

photosynthesis

103
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

in the Choloroplast

104
Q

The chloroplast has…

A

Chlorophyll

105
Q

What does the chloroplast do?

A

traps sunlight to convert it into chemical energy for photosynthesis

106
Q

also known as the “light-dependent reaction”

A

Photolysis

107
Q

default traits found in one’s gender (eg: colorblindness for boys)

A

Sex-linked traits

108
Q

traits that differ according to gender

A

Sex-influenced traits

109
Q

also known as the “light-independent reaction”

A

Calvin cycle

110
Q

Where does photolysis happen?

A

the thylakoid

111
Q

What are stages of the light dependent reaction?

A 
PS II (photosystem II) = oxygen, hydroxide & hydrogen ion, electron
PS I = ATP
112
Q

first stage of Cellular respiration, requires oxygen

A

Aerobic respiration

113
Q

stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis = 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate
Krebs cycle = 2 ATP, NADH, FADH2, hydrogen ions
ETC = 32 - 34 ATP, CO2, H2O

114
Q

net yield of anaerobic respiration (product)

A

2 ATP

115
Q

2 kinds of anaerobic respiration

A 
alcoholic fermentation (yeast)
lactic acid fermentation (humans/cramps)
116
Q

stages of the light independent reaction

A

Carbon Fixation = 2 PGA
G3P Synthesis = 2 G3P
RuBP synthesis = Glucose (after 6 cycles)

Science 9 (3 decks)

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