1st Qt. Flashcards
1
Q
The process of Getting oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide
A
Breathing
2
Q
Breathing requires…
A
Pressure Change
3
Q
Taking in air is called…
A
Inhalation/Inspiration
4
Q
Taking out air is called…
A
Exhalation/Expiration
5
Q
What happens when we inhale?
A
The Diaphragm contracts, the rib cage and lungs expand to draw air in.
6
Q
What happens when we exhale?
A
The diaphragm expands (relaxes), the rib cage and lungs coil back to their original shape.
7
Q
Moistens air and traps dust through a filter
A
Nose
8
Q
Hair-like traps dust before entering the nasal cavity
A
Cilia
9
Q
Passageway for food and air
A
Pharynx
10
Q
Three main parts of the pharynx
A
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
11
Q
Produces vibrations to produce sound (a.k.a. voice box)
A
Larynx
12
Q
Protects the pharynx and prevents food from getting to the lungs
A
Epiglottis
13
Q
Long muscular tube which traps bacteria & dust particles
A
Trachea
14
Q
Looks like a vacuum hose and functions like the nose
A
Trachea
15
Q
2-way passageway of air
A
Bronchi
16
Q
Branches of bronchi
A
Bronchioles
17
Q
Air sacs where gas exchange occurs
A
Alveoli
18
Q
What happens in 𝙂𝙖𝙨 𝙀𝙭𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚?
A
- When we inhale, the air diffuses in the alveolus (sneaks in the layers)
- O2 is picked up by RBCs
- RBCs circulate all over the body
- RBC’s collect Co2 after O2 has been used up
- Co2 will be transported back to the lungs and released when we inhale.
19
Q
A.k.a erythrocytes
A
Red Blood Cells
20
Q
Lasts 120 days and make up 45% of the blood
A
Red Blood Cells
21
Q
Oxygen carrying protein found in RBCs
A
Hemoglobin
22
Q
A.k.a Leukocytes
A
White Blood Cells
23
Q
Molecules capable of triggering an immune response (comes from the foreign body)
A
Antigen
24
Q
Attaches to antigens (from the body)
A
Antibodies
25
Yellowish fluid tat makes up 55% of the blood and carries various substances
Plasma
26
A.k.a Thrombocytes
Platelets
27
Makes up 4% of the blood and repairs tissues , closes internal and external wounds, lasts 5-9 days
Platelets
28
Inflammation of the passages of air (shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, chest tightness)
Asthma
29
Inflammation of the bronchioles (excessive mucus, chronic coughing)
Bronchitis
30
Caused by 𝙈𝙮𝙤𝙗𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙪𝙢 𝙏𝙪𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨, transmitted through cough/sneeze of an infected person and usually affects the upper part of the respiratory system (night sweats, lung failure)
Tuberculosis
31
Caused by the virus: Sars - Cov 2
Covid 19
32
Causes rapid uncontrollable tissue growth, results in tumors in the respiratory system
Lung Cancer
33
The Four Chambers Of the Heart
Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Right Atrium, Right Ventricle
34
Separates the two chambers
Septum
35
How does blood flow?
Deoxygenated blood goes to the inferior & superior vena cava > Right atrium > Tricuspid Valve > Right ventricle > Pulmonary artery > Lungs (becomes oxygenated blood) > Pulmonary vein > Left atrium > Mitral valve> Left ventricle > Aorta > The rest of the body
36
Elevated pressure in the arteries (narrowing due to plaque)
Hypertension
37
Formation of plaque in the arteries, hence hardening and narrowing
Atherosclerosis
38
Cancer in the blood (causes WBCs to malfunction)
Leukemia
39
Inability to develop blood clotting
Hemophilia
40
Lacks RBCs
Anemia
41
Skin of the heart
Pericardium
42
Deoxyribonucleic acid, contains instructions for development and growth
DNA
43
Proteins in the chromosomes
Histones
44
Coils the nucleosomes, contains DNA
Chromatine
45
Coiled histones and nucleosomes, contains genetic material, found inside the nucleus and is made up DNA
Chromosomes
46
Copy of the chromosome
Chromatid
47
Short arm of a chromatid
p
48
Long arm of a Chromatid
q
49
Joins the two chromatids
Centromere
50
Found at both ends of a chromosome
Telomeres
51
Identical chromosomes
Homologous
52
Create an immune response
T-cells
53
Make antibodies fight foreign bodies
B-cells
54
T-cells and B-cells
Lymphocytes
55
Clean up debris in the blood
Monocytes
56
Fight bacterial and fungal infections
Neutrophils
57
Act during allergic reactions
Basophils
58
Fight parasite infections
Eosinophils
59
Three steps of Hemostasis
Vasoconstriction, Platelet plug formation, Blood Clotting
60
Smallest Blood vessels
Capillaries
61
Natural pacemaker
SA node
62
2 types of cell division
Mitosis, Meiosis
63
T/F: All cells originate from preexisting cells
True
64
Stages of mitosis
Prophase (prepare)
Metaphase (middle/align)
Anaphase (apart)
Telophase (two/split)
65
T/F: Mitosis needs a sperm and egg
False
66
How many chromosomes are there?
46 (22 pairs of autosomes + 1 pair of sex chromosomes)
67
2 sets of homologous chromosomes
Diploids
68
1 set of homologous chromosome
Haploid
69
Sperm and egg cells are...
Haploids
70
Cytokenisis
cell division
71
Sub phases of the interphase
G1 - Growth
S(synthesis) - Replication
G2 - Checkpoint
72
Stages of Meiosis
Meiosis 1 - Crossing over
| Meiosis 2 - Mitosis
73
T/F: Mitosis produces 4 daughter cells
False, Meiosis does
74
T/F: Meiosis produces 2 daughter cells
False, Mitosis does
75
Series of events that take place in a cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells
Cell cycle
76
takes the longest time in the cell cycle
Interphase
77
The basic physical and functional unit of heredity
Gene
78
pair of genes
Alleles
79
Genetic makeup
Genotype
80
the physical expression of a certain trait
Phenotype
81
Same pair of alleles (eg: AA, BB, aa, bb)
Homozygous
82
different pair of alleles (eg: Aa)
Heterozygous
83
Stronger trait (A)
Dominant
84
The first set of parents
First parental generation
85
The first set of offsprings
First filial generation
86
What are the three Mendelian Principles of Genetics?
Law of complete dominance (dominant/recessive)
Principle of allelism (Homo/hetero)
Law of segregation & recombination (punnet square)
87
Describes the number of times a genotype would appear in the offspring after a test cross
Genotypic ratio
88
Where are the parental traits placed in the punnet square?
top - father
| bottom - mother
89
Mixed type of dominance (red+white=pink)
Incomplete dominance
90
caused by recessive pigment genes (albinism)
Epistasis
91
exemption because of anatomical reasons
Sex limited traits
92
multiple traits
polygenic traits
93
flow of characteristics
pedigree
94
Alteration of genes
DNA technology
95
process of DNA technology
get DNA
obtain plasmid
compare the 2 DNAs to form a recombinant DNA
transfer recombinant DNA to another organism
96
The regional dramatic change in weather
Climate change
97
Extermination of a species
Extinction
98
extinction caused by nature
Natural extinction
99
extinction caused by human activity
Anthropogenic extinction
100
Examples of anthropogenic extinction
Air, Water, Land, Noise pollution
101
Excessive noise which can harm human and animals and disturb animals relying on echolocation
Noise pollution
102
CO2 + H2O = Sunlight = glucose + oxygen
photosynthesis
103
Where does photosynthesis occur?
in the Choloroplast
104
The chloroplast has...
Chlorophyll
105
What does the chloroplast do?
traps sunlight to convert it into chemical energy for photosynthesis
106
also known as the "light-dependent reaction"
Photolysis
107
default traits found in one's gender (eg: colorblindness for boys)
Sex-linked traits
108
traits that differ according to gender
Sex-influenced traits
109
also known as the "light-independent reaction"
Calvin cycle
110
Where does photolysis happen?
the thylakoid
111
What are stages of the light dependent reaction?
```
PS II (photosystem II) = oxygen, hydroxide & hydrogen ion, electron
PS I = ATP
```
112
first stage of Cellular respiration, requires oxygen
Aerobic respiration
113
stages of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis = 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate
Krebs cycle = 2 ATP, NADH, FADH2, hydrogen ions
ETC = 32 - 34 ATP, CO2, H2O
114
net yield of anaerobic respiration (product)
2 ATP
115
2 kinds of anaerobic respiration
```
alcoholic fermentation (yeast)
lactic acid fermentation (humans/cramps)
```
116
stages of the light independent reaction
Carbon Fixation = 2 PGA
G3P Synthesis = 2 G3P
RuBP synthesis = Glucose (after 6 cycles)
