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Psychology > 1st Partial Review > Flashcards

1st Partial Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental process

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2
Q

Is anything you do or think

A

Behavior

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3
Q

Overt behavior:

A

Observable actions and responses

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4
Q

Covert behavior:

A

Thinking, deeming, and remembering (private mental events)

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5
Q

Name the 4 goals of psychology:

A

Describe, Understand, Predict, and Control

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6
Q

Naming and classifying a detailed record of scientific observations. Can’t answer the questions “why?”

A

Describe

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7
Q

State the causes of the behavior

A

Understand

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8
Q

Is the ability to forecast behavior and be right in the predication

A

Predict

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9
Q

The ability to alter the conditions to affect the behavior. It has to be used with wisdom and humanity

A

Control

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10
Q

Steps of the scientific method:

A
  1. Make observations
  2. Ask a question
  3. Create a hypothesis
  4. Test or experimentation
  5. Analyze results
  6. Conclusions
  7. Communicate Results
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11
Q

Father of psychology

A

Wilhem Wundt

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12
Q

Studied conscious experience, perception, measured stimuli and introspection

A

Wilhem Wundt - Father of psychology

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13
Q

Structuralism

A

Titchener

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14
Q

To analyze the structure of mental life in basic elements or building blocks. Mental chemistry and introspection

A

Structuralism - Titchener

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15
Q

Functionalism

A

William James

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16
Q

Studied how the mind works to adapt to the environment. How the mind, perception, habits and emotions help people to adapt and survive. Consciousness.

A

Functionalism - William James

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17
Q

Behaviorism

A

John B. Watson

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18
Q

Study of the mind or conscious experience

A

Observable behavior

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19
Q

Studied relationship between stimuli and responses. Observe behaviors without asking questions. Conditioning

A

Behaviorism - John B. Watson

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20
Q

Radical Behaviorism

A

B.F. Skinner

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21
Q

It says that we act to obtain rewards & avoid punishments.

A

Radical Behaviorism - B.F. Skinner

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22
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

Max Wertheimer

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23
Q

See the bigger picture. Studied whole experiences, thinking, personality, learning & perception as a whole. Goes against analysis

A

Gestalt psychology - Mas Wertheimer

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24
Q

Psychoanalytic psychology

A

Sigmund Freud

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25
Q

Part of the mind outside of personal awareness

A

Unconscious

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26
Q

Studied that the behavior is influenced because of our unconscious thoughts, impulses and desires; especially sex and aggression. Nothing is an accident.

A

Psychoanalytic psychology - Sigmund Freud

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27
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Abraham Maslow

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28
Q

Studied subjective human experience, human potential, ideals and problems. They believed in “free will”. The past affects us but we can choose how to live our lives.

A

Humanistic psychology - Abraham Maslow

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29
Q

Abraham Maslow´s pyramid

A

Self actualization, Esteem , Love and belonging, Safety needs, Physiological needs

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30
Q

Self- actualization:

A

Desire to become the most that one can be

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31
Q

Esteem:

A

Respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom

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32
Q

Love and belonging:

A

Friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection

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33
Q

Safety needs:

A

Personal security, employment, resources, health, property

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34
Q

Physiological needs

A

Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction

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35
Q

Function of glutamate:

A

Regulates excitability, learning process, memory

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36
Q

Function of Acetylcholine:

A

Regulates sleep cycle, muscle functioning

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37
Q

Function of histamine:

A

Wakefulness, blood pressure, pain, sexual behavior, inflammatory reactions

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38
Q

Function of dopamine:

A

Inhibits movements, stimulates secretion of growth hormone

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39
Q

Function of noradrenaline:

A

Alertness, wakefulness, stimulates processes of the body

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40
Q

Function of adrenaline:

A

Fight- or-Flight response

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41
Q

Function of GABA:

A

Reduces neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.

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42
Q

Function of Serotonine:

A

Regulates body temperature, perception of pain, emotions, sleep cycle

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43
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

Capacity of our brains to change in response to every experience we have.

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44
Q

Name the lobes of the brain:

A

Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe

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45
Q

Sense of self, motor control, higher mental abilities, reasoning, planning, language

A

Frontal lobe

46
Q

Sensation, touch, temperature, pressure

A

Parietal lobe

47
Q

Vision

A

Occipital Lobe

48
Q

Hearing, speaking coherently, understanding verbal and written material

A

Temporal Lobe

49
Q

Posture, coordination, muscle tone, memory skills and habits

A

Cerebellum

50
Q

What happens to the brain during the adolescence?

A
  1. Limits are put on test
  2. Changes during adolescence are risky and serious
  3. Explosion growth
  4. Disproportionate and prodigious stage of life
  5. Training period w/ impact in the future
51
Q

Components that intervene on its function:

A
  1. Brain changes
  2. Role of hormones
  3. Influence of environment and peers (mirror neuron):
52
Q

How does the adolescent brain matures?

A

From back to front

53
Q

What occurs during the brain maturity in adolescence?

A

Synaptic pruning and myelination occurs

54
Q

What is stronger during the brain maturity stage in adolescence?

A

Learning and memory

55
Q

Characteristics of the adolescent brain:

A
  1. Search of new things
  2. Social involvement
  3. Increased emotional intensity
  4. Creative exploration
56
Q

How are the emotions in the adolescence?

A

They arise more rapidly without the sedative influence of the prefrontal cortex.

It is important to manage them in order to achieve independence.

Higher level of response to stress and little capacity to make natural decisions.

57
Q

What is the developmental psychology?

A

Study of progressive changes in behavior & abilities, it involves every stage of life from conception to death.

58
Q

Name 2 factors that affect the person through life:

A

Heredity and Environment

59
Q

Transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to their children through genes.

A

Heredity

60
Q

Environment or nature defines all the external conditions that affect a person

A

Environment

61
Q

What are the sensitive periods?

A

Are times when the baby has increased sensitivity to environmental influences

62
Q

Lack of normal nutrition, stimulation, comfort and love

A

Deprivation

63
Q

Environment that has been modified to be more stimulating, loving, etc.

A

Enrichment

64
Q

This is something that ALSO can affect development:

A

Poverty (Lack of nutritious meals, health care or learning. Marriage problems, no positive parenting guidance)

65
Q

Inherited, physical core of personality. (Examples: Sensitivity, irritability, distractibility & typical mood)

A

Temperament

66
Q

What do you need to determine the physical, emotional & intellectual developmental state of a person?

A

Heredity, environment and own behavior

67
Q

Name the 3 different areas of development:

A

Motor development, Perceptual & Cognitive Development, Emotional Development

68
Q

Characteristics of the Motor development:

A
  • The order of maturation is almost universal
  • Muscular control starts from head to toe and from the center of the body to extremities.
  • Baby starts to crawl or walk = selection of movements that work for them and continue to use them
69
Q

Characteristics of Perceptual and Cognitive Development:

A
  • Mimics

- babies start learning how the world works. (Also, touch, taste and explore)

70
Q

According to the perceptual and Cognitive development area at what age babies understand that the voice and body should be connected?

A

3-8 weeks old

71
Q

According to the perceptual and Cognitive development area at what age babies start to recognize animal groups?

A

9 months

72
Q

According to the perceptual and Cognitive development area at what age babies start to see as his parents?

A

1 year

73
Q

According to the Emotional development area at what age the basic emotions start to appear?

A

2 years old

74
Q

According to the Emotional development area which is the only emotion newborn can express?

A

Excitement

75
Q

According to the Emotional development area which is the first split of emotion?

A

Between pleasant and unpleasant

76
Q

According to the Emotional development area what are the most common emotions ?

A

Interest, Joy, anger and sadness

77
Q

According to the Emotional development area at what age the baby has a unique personality?

A

3 years

78
Q

Consists of emotional attachment and need of physical contact:

A

Social Development

79
Q

3 components of the social development:

A

Bio, Psico, and Social

80
Q

What happens if there is an establishment bond with the caregiver?

A

Babies start to be aware of themselves and of others.

81
Q

Is the base for relationships with parents, siblings, friends and relatives

A

Social development

82
Q

What is the key to develop and maintain warm and loving social relationships?

A

Creating a bond of trust and affection between the baby and at least one caregiver

83
Q

Be accepted and protected unconditionally:

A

Attachment

84
Q

Attachment helps or develops:

A
  • Trust
  • Self-efficacy
  • Self-esteem
  • Sensory development
  • Emotional development
  • Brain development
  • Brain chemistry
85
Q

What happens if a child knows that his attachment figure is accesible and responsive?

A

It gives the child a strong and persuasive feeling of security

86
Q

What are the attachment styles?

A
  1. Secure
  2. Insecure - Avoidant
  3. Insecure - Ambivalent
  4. Insecure - Disorganized
87
Q

Signs of being securely attached:

A
  • Adapts
  • Trusts
  • Integrates
  • Feels protected
  • Feels valuable
  • Feels heard
88
Q

Signs of being insecure-avoidant attached:

A
  • Adapts
  • Opaque
  • Distracted
89
Q

Signs of being insecure - Ambivalent:

A
  • Adapts
  • Passive
  • Confused
90
Q

Signs of being insecure- disorganized:

A
  • Contradictory behavior
  • Abnormal postures
  • Freezes
  • Apprehensive
  • Clear disorganization
91
Q

How is the secure / free attachment related to adult attachment style?

A

Autonomous

92
Q

How is the Insecure -Avoidant attachment related to adult attachment style?

A

Irresponsible

93
Q

How is the Insecure - Ambivalent attachment related to adult attachment style?

A

Worried

94
Q

How is the Insecure - Disorganized attachment related to adult attachment style?

A

Disorganized

95
Q

It described and explained the changes in logical thinking of children and adolescents.

A

Piaget´s theory

96
Q

Proposed that children proceed through 4 stages based on maturation and experience

A

Piaget´s theory

97
Q

Piaget´s theory proposed that:

A
  1. Children are active learners who construct knowledge from their environments
  2. They learn through assimilation and accommodation, and complex cognitive development occurs through equilibration
  3. The interaction with physical and social environments is key for cognitive development.
  4. Development occurs in stages
98
Q

What are the 4 stages of the Piaget´s theory?

A

1- Sensory motor stage: 0-2 years

2- Preoperational stage: 2-7 years

3- Concrete operational stage: 7-11 years

99
Q

This theory was focused on the role of culture and social interactions

A

Vygotsky´s Sociocultural Theory

100
Q

This theory stated that speech is a major psychological tool in the child’s development of thinking

A

Vygotsky´s Sociocultural Theory

101
Q

Six major assumptions of the Vygotsky´s sociocultural theory:

A
  1. Children develop through informal and formal conversations with adults
  2. The first few years of life are critical for development, as this is where thought and language become increasingly independent.
  3. Complex mental activities begin as basic social activities.
  4. Children can perform more difficult tasks with the help of a more advance individual (tutors)
  5. Tasks that are challenging promote cognitive development growth.
  6. Play is important and allows children to stretch themselves cognitively.
102
Q

Range that a child can only achieve with guidance or a more capable partner:

A

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

103
Q

When the tutor adjusts instructions so the children can understand and accomplish the task:

A

Scaffolding

104
Q

This theory states that while we grow up we go through notable events in personal development.

A

Erikson´s Psychosocial theory

105
Q

What does the Erikson´s Psychosocial theory says about each stage and their tasks?

A

Each stage brings a developmental task that has to be mastered with optimal development

106
Q

He said that in each stage we encounter a psychosocial dilemma that can be defined as a crisis

A

Erik Erikson

107
Q

Is a conflict between personal impulses and the social world

A

Crisis

108
Q

Characteristics of puberty:

A
  • Biological event
  • Hormonal changes, rapid physical growth and sexual maturity.
  • Start and form a more mature self-image
  • Decision-making with life-time repercussions
109
Q

The adolescences and adulthood are times of…

A

Exploration, change, exuberance and youthful searching, but also can be of worry and problems

110
Q

Stage between childhood and adulthood. The person is not a child neither an adult

A

Adolescence

111
Q

Top 3 standards that mark than an adolescent is now an adult:

A
  1. Taking responsibility for oneself
  2. Making independent decisions
  3. Becoming financially independent.

Psychology (5 decks)

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