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VPHY 141 > 1st LE Reviewer Module 3 to 5 > Flashcards

1st LE Reviewer Module 3 to 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of H2O across the cell membrane in response to difference in the electrochemical potential of H2O.

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2
Q

What factors affect osmosis?

A
  • Molarity of solutes or particles per unit volume of fluid
  • Water flows in response to difference in molarity of solutes across a membrane
  • Mass of the solute particles does not matter.
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3
Q

What is achieved at the state of equilibrium in osmosis?

A

Net flow of H2O ceases once H2O has moved to equalize solute concentrations on both sides of the cell membrane.

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4
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure that keeps fluid in the blood vessels

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5
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure that pushes fluid out from the blood vessels

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6
Q

Define osmolarity.

A

Unit of measurement for solute concentration in terms of number of dissolved particles in a volume of fluid or solution.

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7
Q

What is the osmolarity of blood plasma?

A

300 mOsm/L or 0.3 Osm.

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8
Q

How many osmoles are produced by 1 mole of NaCl?

A

2 osmoles (Na and Cl).

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9
Q

How many osmoles are produced by 1 mole of CaCl2?

A

3 osmoles (Ca and 2 Cl).

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10
Q

What is osmolarity pressure?

A

Pressure generated when H2O diffuses across a membrane; required to stop osmosis.

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11
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Osmolarity of a solution relative to blood plasma (0.3 osm/L or 300 mosm/L).

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12
Q

What are the types of solutions based on tonicity?

A
  • Isotonic: Equal solute concentration
  • Hypertonic: High solute concentration
  • Hypotonic: Low solute concentration.
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13
Q

What happens to cells in isotonic solutions?

A

No net movement of water; red blood cell appears normal.

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14
Q

What happens to cells in hypotonic solutions?

A

Water enters the cell; cell swells or approaches hemolysis.

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15
Q

What happens to cells in hypertonic solutions?

A

Water leaves the cell; cell appears crenated.

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16
Q

What is the total body water (TBW) percentage in males?

A

60%

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17
Q

What is the total body water (TBW) percentage in females?

A

50%.

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18
Q

How does total body water (TBW) vary among individuals?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Nutritional state
  • Inversely proportional to body fat.
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19
Q

What is the TBW percentage in newborns?

A

80%.

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20
Q

What is the TBW percentage in lean adults?

A

60-70%.

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21
Q

What is the TBW percentage in fat adults?

A

40%.

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22
Q

What percentage of TBW is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

33% of TBW.

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23
Q

What percentage of TBW is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

67% of TBW.

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24
Q

How is ECF TBW% divided in terms of compartments?

A
  • Interstitial fluid: 25% of TBW
  • Plasma: 7% of TBW
  • Transcellular fluid: 1% of TBW.
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25
What is the protein composition of blood plasma?
* 7% proteins * 91% water * 2% other solutes.
26
What is the role of the capillary membrane?
Allows all solutes except proteins to pass through.
27
What is the formula to calculate total body water (TBW) volume?
TBW = qty injected - qty excreted / concentration in compartment.
28
What IV substances are used to measure TBW?
* Heavy H2O (D2O) * Radioactive H2O (T2O) * Antipyrine.
29
What IV substances are used to measure ECF?
* Radioactive ions (Na, Cl, thiosulfate) * Inulin * Thiosulfate
30
What IV substances are used to measure plasma?
* Radioactive albumin * Evan's blue
31
What is the primary source of water intake in animals?
Drinking water (80-90% of total H2O intake).
32
What is metabolic water?
Water produced from the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids.
33
What is sensible water loss?
Detectable and measurable loss of electrolytes & water (e.g., urine, fecal loss).
34
What is insensible water loss?
Not readily observed and non-measurable loss (e.g., sweat, respiratory gases).
35
What can increase sensible water loss?
* Vomiting * Diarrhea * Blood loss.
36
What can increase insensible water loss?
* High environmental temperature * Hyperactivity * Fever * Hyperventilation.
37
What are the normal urine volumes for cats?
10-20 mL/kg body weight per day.
38
What are the normal urine volumes for dogs?
20-100 mL/kg body weight per day.
39
What is Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium?
Explains how ions distribute across a semi-permeable membrane when some molecules cannot pass through.
40
What happens during dehydration?
Loss of H2O or Na decreases ECF volume.
41
What is isoosmotic dehydration?
ICF volume same, ECF volume decreased, caused by burns, hemorrhage, vomiting, and diarrhea.
42
What is hyperosmotic dehydration?
ICF volume decreased, ECF volume decreased, caused by low H2O intake or excess evaporation.
43
What is hypoosmotic dehydration?
ICF volume increased, ECF volume decreased, caused by excess water intake or retention.
44
What is isoosmotic overhydration?
ICF volume same, ECF volume increased, caused by excess isotonic fluids.
45
What is hyperosmotic overhydration?
ICF volume decreased, ECF volume increased, caused by excess salt intake.
46
What is hypoosmotic overhydration?
ICF volume increased, ECF volume increased, caused by excess water intake.
47
What happens to ICF and ECF osmolarity during hyperosmotic overhydration?
ICF osm increased, ECF osm increased ## Footnote Hyperosmotic overhydration can result from excess salt intake or IV infusion of NaCl solution.
48
What occurs in hypoosmotic overhydration regarding ICF and ECF volume and osmolarity?
ICF vol increased, ECF vol increased, ICF osm decreased, ECF osm decreased ## Footnote Causes include excess water intake and water retention by the kidney.
49
What are the hydration status indicators for <5% dehydration?
No detectable clinical signs ## Footnote This indicates a mild state of hydration.
50
What clinical signs are observed at 6-8% dehydration?
* Turgor * Slightly prolonged CRT * Slight sinking of eyes * Slight dryness of nose and mouth mucous membranes ## Footnote CRT stands for Capillary Refill Time.
51
At what level of dehydration (percentage) does hypovolemic shock occur?
10-12% ## Footnote This level of dehydration can lead to severe physiological effects.
52
What are common signs to check for hydration status?
* Skin tenting * Oral mucous membrane color * Oral mucous membrane saliva quality * Nostril dryness/moistness * Eyes (sunkenness) * CRT ## Footnote These signs help assess a patient's hydration effectively.
53
What is hypovolemia?
Decreased volume of fluid in vascular system with or without whole body fluid depletion ## Footnote It can be caused by severe dehydration, rapid fluid loss, or vasodilation.
54
What are the signs of hypovolemia?
* Less tissue perfusion * Abnormal mentation * Mucous membrane color * Capillary Refill Time * Pulse quality * Pulse rate * Cold extremity temperatures ## Footnote These signs indicate decreased blood volume and possible shock.
55
What are the clinical signs of overhydration?
* Chemosis * Serous discharge * Pulmonary edema * Pulmonary congestion ## Footnote Pulmonary congestion may present with wheezing and crackling.
56
What is an isotonic solution?
Same osmotic concentration as plasma ## Footnote It does not affect ICF volume.
57
What characterizes a hypertonic solution?
Higher osmotic concentration than plasma, decreases ICF volume ## Footnote This can lead to cellular dehydration.
58
What is a hypotonic solution?
Less osmotic concentration than plasma, increases ICF volume ## Footnote This can lead to cellular swelling.
59
What is the osmolarity of Normal Saline Solution (NSS)?
308 mOsm/L ## Footnote NSS is a common isotonic IV fluid.
60
What are the components of Dextrose 50% IV fluid?
* No ions/electrolytes * 1700 Kcal/L * 2525 mOsm/L ## Footnote This solution is hypertonic and is used in specific medical situations.
61
What is the osmolarity of Dextrose 5% in water?
278 mOsm/L ## Footnote This is a commonly used hypotonic IV fluid.
62
What is the osmolarity of Lactated Ringer’s Solution (LRS)?
272 mOsm/L ## Footnote LRS is also a commonly used isotonic IV fluid.
63
What are the isotonic IV fluids?
NSS Ringer's solution Normosol R Dextrose 5% NSS
64
What are the hypertonic IV fluids?
Dextrose 2.5% in LRS Dextrose 50%
65
What are the hypotonic IV fluids?
Dextrose 5% in water Lactated Ringer's solution
66
What effect do isotonic IV fluids have on the TBW?
Increase the ICF and ECF
67
What effect do hypotonic IV fluids have on TBW?
Cause fluid to move from the ECF into the iCF
68
What effect do hypertonic IV fluids have on TBW?
Causes fluids to move from the ICF into the ECF
69
What are the major cations in the ECF?
Na, Ca
70
What are the major anions in the ECF?
Cl, HCO3
71
What are the major cations in the ICF?
K, Mg
72
What are the major anions in the ICF?
H2PO2, HPO4, charged proteins
73
What is the osmolarity of plasma?
301.8 mOsm/L
74
What is the osmolarity of interstitial fluid?
300.8 mOsm/L
75
What is the osmolarity of intracellular fluid?
301.2 mOsm/L

VPHY 141 (3 decks)

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