Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

VPHY 141 > 1st LE Reviewer > Flashcards

1st LE Reviewer Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane lipids consist of what kind of lipids?

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the types of membrane phospholipids?

A

Phosphatidyl-choline (PPhCh)

Sphingomyelins (SPM)

Phosphatidyl-serine (PPhS)

Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PPhEth)

Phosphadityl-inositol (PPhIn)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the composition and location of phosphatidyl-choline (PPhCh)?

A

Glycerol choline + 2 FA + phosphorylated alcohol

Outer part of CM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the composition and location of sphingomyelins (SPM)?

A

Sphingosine backbone + 2 FA + phosphorylated alcohol

Outer part of CM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the composition and location of phosphatidyl-serine (PPhS)?

A

Serine backbone + 2 FA + phosphorylated alcohol

Inner part of CM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the composition and location of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PPhEth)?

A

Ethanolamine backbone + 2 FA + phosphorylated alcohol

Inner part of CM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the composition and location of phosphatidyl-inositol (PPhIno)?

A

Inositol backbone + 2 FA + phosphorylated alcohol

Inner part of CM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

A polysaccharide attached to the microvilli of our intestinal lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the glycocalyx?

A

For immunological protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rough and Smooth ER are responsible for what in proteins?

A

Protein folding (Smooth ER)

Glycosylation of proteins (Rough ER)

Formation of protein complexes

Post translation of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Make lysosomes

Receives, processes, and packages the macromolecules obtained from the ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two faces of the golgi apparatus?

A

Cis face (facing the nucleus)

Trans face (produces the secretory granules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Highly acidic
Suicide bags of cells
Hydrolytic and digestive enzymes

Function
Digests food vacuoles and degenerating organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What sets prokaryotes apart from eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes lack nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the ribosomal unit of prokaryotes?

A

50s, 30s = 70s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the ribosomal unit of eukaryotes?

A

60s, 40s = 80s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false. Plasmids are a primary characteristic of prokaryotes that is absent from all eukaryotes.

A

False.

Fungi have plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cell wall component of prokaryotes is?

A

Peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cell wall components of eukaryotes are?

A

Pectin
Cellulose
Chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Actin, tubulin, flagellin compose the cytoskeleton of?

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments compose the cytoskeleton of?

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True or false. Only eukaryotes have compartmentalization in the cell.

A

True. The eukaryotic cell is divided into cytoplasm and nucleus due to the nuclear membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the non membrane bound organelles?

A

Ribosomes
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the membrane bound organelles?

A

Nucleus
Mitochondria
ER
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The function of the nucleus is?
Store the DNA and coordinate cell activities
26
What is the cytoplasm?
A gelatinous solution inside the cell that contains particulate matter and the organelles
27
What makes up the protoplasm?
The nucleus and the cytoplasm. Also the substances that make up the cell.
28
Animal cells are made of what % water, protein, and carbohydrates?
70-85% water 10-20% protein 1-2% carbohydrates
29
What is the principal fluid medium of the cell?
Water
30
What are the functions of water in the cell?
Solvents for ions and macromolecules Chemical reactants for hydrolysis Medium for transport Lubricant Temperature regulation
31
Electrolytes are important because?
They provide inorganic substances for cellular reactions
32
What are the two kinds of electrolytes?
Cation (positive) Anion (negative)
33
What are the two kinds of structural proteins found in the cell?
Structural proteins Globular proteins
34
True or false. Actin, Microtubule, and Cilia are structural proteins of the eukaryotic cell.
False. The structural proteins of the eukaryotic cell are microtubule, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Although certain eukaryotic cells have cilia and flagella. Actin is also a component of the structural protein
35
Enzymes are examples of a globular protein. What enzyme is responsible for making sure oxygen binds to the red blood cell and imparts its red color?
Hemoglobin
36
What are the two types of proteins in the cell?
Simple protein Conjugated protein
37
What are examples of simple proteins?
Albumins (blood plasma) Globulins (blood plasma) Protamines Histones (nucleus) Albuminoids (cells of tissues)
38
What are conjugated proteins?
Proteins that are attached to a non-amino acid compound
39
What are examples of conjugated proteins?
Glycoproteins (carbohydrates) Lipoproteins (lipid) Nucleoproteins (nucleic acids) Chromoproteins (ions) Metalloproteins (metals) Phosphoproteins (phosphorus)
40
Lipids are polar substances and are present in the animal cell in what forms?
Phospholipid (cell membrane) Triglyceride or triacylglycerol or neutral fats (blood and adipocyte) Steroids such as cholesterol (cell membrane)
41
What is the function of lipids in the cell?
To form cell membrane To form intracellular membranes and form the different compartments
42
What is the function of carbohydrates?
To provide nutrition and energy
43
What are the kinds of carbohydrates we expect to see in the cell?
Monosaccharides - glucose, galactose, fructose Disaccharides - sucrose, lactose, maltose, isomaltose, cellobiose Polysaccharides - Glycogen
44
What is glycogen?
It is the stored form of glucose in the liver and skeletal muscles of the cells Formed from glycogenesis
45
The nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell. What are its components?
Nuclear membrane Nucleolus Nucleoplasm Chromatin
46
True or false. The nuclear membrane is a bi-layered membrane that protects the interior of the nucleus. It is a continuous, selectively-permeable layer.
False. The nuclear envelope has gaps called nuclear pores that allow the exit and entry of ions and substances such as mRNA
47
The RNA containing body of the cell is called the nucleolus. How many nucleoli are in the cell?
1 to 4
48
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Site of ribosome synthesis Produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
49
The types of chromatin are?
Heterochromatin Euchromatin
50
Which of the kinds of chromatin is transcriptionally active and why?
Euchromatin Because it is loosely packed
51
Where do you find euchromatin?
In the distal parts of the chromosome or periphery of the nucleus
52
Where do you find heterochromatin?
Towards the center of the chromosome and inner side of the nucleus
53
What is the function of heterochromatin?
To regulate gene expression
54
When does heterochromatin replicate?
S phase of the cell cycle
55
True or false. Prokaryotic cells have both euchromatin and heterochromatin
False. Heterochromatin is absent in prokaryotes
56
If the euchromatin is genetically and transcriptionally active. What is its function?
Replication and to form proteins
57
Mitochondria is the site of ATP production through what processes?
Kreb's or TCA Electron transport chain
58
How many membranes does the mitochondria have?
Two membranes
59
What are the mitochondrial cristae?
Folds of the inner membrane
60
True or false. The outer mitochondrial membrane assists in beta oxidation of fats.
False. The function of the outer mitochondrial membrane is to protect the mitochondria.
61
The function of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Contains enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation Contains electron carriers for the ETS Possesses F1 factor or ATP synthase for cellular respiration
62
Mitochondrial DNA can be found here
Mitochondrial matrix
63
Apart from mitochondrial DNA, what can be found in the mitochondrial matrix?
Mitochondrial ribosomes, enzymes for the TCA cycle and beta oxidation of fats
64
What are examples of vesicles?
Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, and secretory vesicles
65
Since lysosomes are responsible for digesting food vacuoles , how is its acidic interior environment maintained?
H proton pump
66
How does the lysosome not damage the cell from its own hydrolytic and digestive enzymes?
They have a lysosomal membrane
67
True or false. The lysosomes are synthesized from the golgi apparatus.
True
68
What are the major groups of lyososomal enzymes?
Lipases (lipids) Carbohydrases (CHO) Proteases (proteins) Nucleases (nucleic acids)
69
Lysosomes get different names depending on what they digest. What are they?
Autophagic vacuole (degenerating organelles) Phagocytic vacuoles (bacteria or foreign substances)
70
What are the other functions of lysosomes
Destroy old cells Dissolve blood clots and thrombi Keratinization of skin (thickening of skin) Secrete hydrolase for sperm to penetrate ovum Digest yolk during embryonic development Bone resorption Defend against invading organisms
71
What is the difference between peroxisomes and lysosomes?
Peroxisomes have oxidative enzymes Lysosomes have hydrolytic enzymes
72
What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
Oxidation of very long fatty acid chains Generation and destruction of H2O2
73
Catalase is an example of a peroxisomal enzyme. What is its function?
It is involved in oxidation and peroxidation reactions
74
Why is it important that catalase participate in peroxidation reactions?
Because oxidation creates H2O2 and accumulation of it can cause cell death. Peroxidation of H2O2 can create water instead.
75
Secretory vesicles are a type of vesicle that is formed where?
In the ER-Golgi apparatus system
76
What is the function of the secretory vesicles?
They contain secretions that if needed will be released OUT of the cell. So basically they carry molecules for extracellular use. It is usualy for cell signalling.
77
The endoplasmic reticulum is a complex series of tubules and have two sections. What are they?
Rough or granular ER Smooth or agranular ER
78
What is/are the primary characteristic/s of the Rough ER?
It is rich in ribosomes It is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane It is where mRNA goes to initiate protein synthesis It is the site of protein synthesis for extracellular use
79
Hormones are an example of a protein that is generated in the Rough ER for extracellular use. Give examples of these hormones
Insulin Glucagon Luteinizing hormone Follicle stimulating hormone
80
What is/are the primary characteristic/s of the Smooth ER?
It has round tubules that lack ribosomes It is the site of lipid synthesis It is where postprocessing of synthesized proteins occur It is the site of detoxifaction of foreign substances
81
The rough ER is rich in ribosomes. What is the function of ribosomes?
They are an important organelle for protein synthesis
82
Where is the ribosome synthesized?
In the nucleolus
83
What is the % composition and parts of the ribosome
65% RNA and 35% protein Large subunit Small subunit Central protuberance
84
What are the types of ribosomes?
Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes
85
What are free ribosomes?
They are unbound ribosomes in the cytoplasm They can link together to form polysomes They produce protein for intracellular use
86
What are bound ribosomes?
They are ribosomes that are singly attached to the Rough ER They produce protein for extracellular use
87
The golgi apparatus is made of 5-8 stacks of cisterns or folds. This generates two faces. What are they?
Cis face (faces away from the nucleus) Trans face (faces towards the nucleus)
88
What is the function of the cis face?
Forming phase of granules Maturation site of immature proteins
89
What is the function of the trans face?
Maturing phase Secretory granules are formed
90
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
Production of lysosomes Further processing of macromolecules from the SER
91
What are the process that occur in the SER?
Amidation Sulfation Proteolysis Phosphorylation of proteins
92
Microtubules are the largest structural protein. What is it composed of?
Tubulin Alpha and beta tubulin subunits and can link to form protofilaments which form the tubulin proper
93
Where are microtubules produced?
In centrioles and are distributed in cytoplasm
94
What are the possible arrangements of microtubules?
Singlet Doublet (in cilia and flagella) Triplet (centrioles and basal bodies)
95
What are the functions of microtubules?
Mechanical and structural support (maintain shape of the cell) Placement and movement of organelles Cell division (movement of mitotic spindle fibers) Main component of cilia and flagella Cellular motility or movement (sliding of microtubules cause cilia and flagella to bend) Transport of macromolecules in the cell
96
What are centrosomes?
Structures located near nucleus that serve as sites of microtubule production
97
What are centrosomes made of?
Made of centrioles and amorphous pericentriolar material Made up of 9 bundles of microtubules (3 per bundle) and arranged in a ring
98
What are cilia?
Long projections at cell apex Transport materials along a cell surface
99
What are the kinds of cilia?
Kinocilia Stereocilia
100
Where can you expect to see cilia?
Epithelial cells of respiratory tract and reproductive tract
101
What are flagella?
Short projections that assist in the motility of sperm as the tail of sperm
102
What are the parts of cilia and flagella?
Basal body Terminal plate Axoneme
103
What is the arrangement of doublets in the cilia and flagella?
9 outer pairs of microtubules 2 central microtubules
104
What is the protein that connects the 9 outer microtubules and 2 central microtubules?
Dynein arms
105
How do cilia and flagella move?
Dynein and microtubules act together using ATP This causes cilia or flagella to move or bend
106
Microtubules are important for transport of substances. What system requires precise and rapid transport of signals?
Nervous system
107
True or false. Microtubules are components of nerve axons and move to allow for transport of neurotransmitters?
True
108
What is the medium structural protein?
Intermediate filaments
109
Rank the three structural proteins in decreasing order of size
1. Microtubules 2. Intermediate filaments 3. Microfilament
110
What composes intermediate filaments?
Actin
111
True or false. Microtubules are the most important, abundant, and stable component of the cytoskeleton.
False. Intermediate filaments are the most abundant, stable, and important component.
112
What is the most important thing that microtubules connect in the cell?
Nuclear membrane and cell membrane
113
Where is keratin I and II distributed?
epithelia
114
Where is vimentin distributed?
muscle
115
Where is glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) distributed?
glial cells astroctyes
116
Where is peripherin distributed?
Peripheral neurons
117
Where are neurofilament proteins (NF) distributed?
Neurons of central and peripheral nerves
118
Where are lamin proteins located?
All cells
119
Where are nestin proteins distributed?
Neuronal stem cells
120
What are the major functions of intermediate filaments?
Confer mechanic strength Prevents tearing and rupture by bearing tension
121
What are microfilaments?
They are the smallest structural protein, distributed at periphery and apex of cells
122
What are microfilaments made out of?
Actin (more abundant in non-muscle cells) Myosin (more abundant in muscle cells)
123
There are two types of microfilaments in non-muscle tissues. What are they?
G and F actin monomers
124
How do G and F actin monomers work together?
They attach and link during the process of polymerization and provide strength to microfilaments
125
What is the function of microfilaments?
To maintain cell shape To resist tension To re-enforce cell membrane Formation of cytoplasmic protuberances Fibroblast formation Villi formation Participate in cytokinesis by forming the contractile ring Muscular contraction by providing the actin and myosin filaments
126
What are the different membranes in the cell?
Cell membrane Nuclear membrane Membrane of the ER Membrane of the mitochondria Membrane of lysosome Membrane of golgi apparatus
127
What is the characteristic component of the cell membrane?
Lipid bilayer
128
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
Selective entry and exit of molecules
129
What are the other functions of the cell membrane?
Transport of substances Protective function Enzyme activity Signal transduction Intercellular junction and communication Cell-to-cell recognition (because of glycoprotein tags) Maintenance of cell shapes via cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix attachment Coordinates extracellular changes
130
What are the % components of the cell membrane?
55% proteins 42% lipids 3% carbohydrates
131
What are the kinds lipids that are found in the cell membrane?
Phospholipids Cholesterol Glycolipids
132
What is the most common sterol and exists exclusively in the animal cell membrane?
Cholesterol
133
What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
Break monotony Maintain fluidity Prevent solidification
134
What are glycolipids?
Lipids that are attached to sugars or carbohydrates
135
Where are your glycolipids located?
Outer CM
136
What are cerebrosides and what is their function?
Glycolipid in the cell membrane Important for cell adhesion and recognition
137
What does the fluidity of cell membrane depend on?
Presence of cholesterol Unsaturation of fat in low temperatures Movement of the cell membrane
138
What are the kinds of movement in the cell membrane?
Rotation Lateral movement Transverse movement
139
What are the kinds of carbohydrates present in the cell membrane?
oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
140
What is a cell coat?
A carbohydrate containing layer on the surface of animal cells
141
What is a glycocalyx?
A cell coat that is found on the brush border of intestinal cells
142
What kind of cell membrane protein penetrates throughout the cell membrane?
Intrinsic proteins
143
Why are intrinsic proteins strongly bound?
Because they are incorporated and fully penetrate the cell membrane They also have hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids
144
What is the structure of intrinsic proteins?
Helical (alpha helices)
145
What are extrinsic proteins?
Peripheral or surface proteins
146
True or false. Extrinsic proteins are also tightly bound to the cell membrane.
False. They are loosely bound due to being on the surface
147
How are glycoproteins formed?
When carbohydrates attach to extrinsic proteins
148
What part of the cell is the apical or mucosal surface?
The one that faces the lumen or the external environment
149
What part of the cell is the basal surface?
The one opposite of the apical side or facing the blood vessels
150
What part of the cell is the lateral surface?
The side tat faces the neighbor cells
151
There are 4 kinds of intercellular junctions or complexes. What are they?
Tight junction or zonula occludens Desmosomes OR zonula adherens Hemidesmosomes Gap junctions
152
What is the function of the tight junction or zonula occludens?
To form close contacts between neighbor cells Prevent leakage
153
What is the tight junction made out of?
Strands of transmembrane proteins
154
What is the function of zonula adherens or desmosomes?
To hold cells together
155
What is the function of hemidesmosomes?
It creates focal adhesions and attach cells to basal lamina
156
What is the desmosome made of?
Intermediate filaments It has keratin and cadherin cadherin attaches to neighboring cadherins
157
What is the hemidesmosome made of?
Keratin and integrins (which attach cells to the basal lamina)
158
What is the function of gap junctions?
Communicating junctions and allow for transfer of ions and molecules between cells
159
What are gap junctions made of?
Channel pores or connexons
160
What factors affect a molecules ability to pass through the membrane?
Size of the molecule Lipid solubility
161
What are the particles that can readily pass through?
Polar molecules with less than 100 daltons Urea Water Ethanol Gases Lipid soluble small, moderate, and large molecules
162
What molecules cannot readily pass through the cell membrane?
Cations Anions Uncharged polar molecules larger than 100 daltons Sugar Amino acids Nucleic acids
163
What are the two kinds of membrane transport?
Passive Active
164
What is the difference between passive and active transport?
Passive transport goes from a high to low concentration gradient Active transport goes against the concentration gradient
165
What are the types of passive transport?
Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion
166
What is a carrier protein?
Carrier protein requires a substance
167
What is a channel protein?
Channel proteins form pores and may be gated or ungated
168
What are the three kinds of carrier proteins?
Uniporter Symporter Antiporter
169
How many substances can each carrier protein transport?
Uniporter = 1 substance Symporter = 2 or substances Antiporter = exchanges substances outside and inside the cell
170
What is an example of a uniporter?
GLUT
171
What is an example of a symporter?
Na-glucose symporter in SI epithelial cells
172
What is an example of an antiporter?
Na-H ion pump in kidney
173
What are the two types of channel proteins?
Ungated channels Gated channels
174
What does a voltage gated channel require to open?
A difference in the membrane potential
175
Where are voltage gated channels found?
In neurons, fat cells, and muscle cells
176
Voltage gated channels are abundant in what part of the neuron?
Nerve axons
177
What are the components of the voltage gated channels?
Activation gate on the external side of the membrane Inactivation gate on the cellular side of the membrane Voltage sensor which is an embedded/intrinsic protein Selectivity filter which is a segment of the channel that is ion specific
178
How does the activation gate of the voltage gated channel open?
Depolarization or a change to increase the membrane potential
179
What compound is able to prevent the opening of sodium channels on voltage-gated channels?
Tetrodotoxin
180
What are ligand-gated channels?
Channel proteins that require neurotransmitters to bind to extracellular parts of the channel
181
Where are ligand-gated channels primarily found?
Neurons
182
What part of the neuron are ligand-gated channels abundant in?
Dendrites Cell body
183
What are examples of ligand-gated channels
Acetylcholine gated Na channels Gamma amino butyric (GABA) gated Na channels
184
What are ion-gated channels?
Protein channels that open in the presence of a specific ion
185
Where are ion-gated channels found?
Liver cells Kidney cells
186
What are stretch activated channels?
Channels that open and close in response to mechanical forces
187
Where are stretch activated channels abundant in?
Skin for touch sensation and pain Ear for transduction of acoustic vibrations of sound
188
What are the 3 models for the stretch-activated channel?
Bilayer model Tether model Secondary signal model
189
Describe the bilayer model
It is a model where the SAC protein is embedded in the membrane and opens when stretched
190
Describe the tether model
SAC protein is attached to connective tissues outside of cell and inside cell
191
Describe the secondary signal model
There are secondary proteins that send signals to the SAC proteins and get it to open
192
What are light gated channels?
Protein channels that open in the presence of light
193
Where are light gated channels abundant in?
Retina and it has rods:rhodopsin
194
What is solvent drag?
It is a type of bulk transport
195
What are examples of solvent drag?
Exocytosis Endocytosis
196
What is exocytosis?
The release of proteins using secretory vesicles
197
How are proteins in secretory vesicles released?
The membrane of the vesicles merge with the cell membrane and release it to extracellular environment
198
What is endocytosis?
The process of substances or organisms entering into a cell
199
What are the kinds of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
200
What is phagocytosis?
Cell eating
201
What is pinocytosis?
Cell drinking
202
Which cell junction complex is closest to the apical?
Tight junction and anchoring junction
203
Which cell junction complex is directly at the lateral?
Desmosome
204
Which cell junction is directly at the basal side of the cell?
Hemidesmosome
205
Which cell junction is close to but not at the basal layer of the cell?
Gap junction

VPHY 141 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions