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[MT 6320] Clinical Bacteriology Lecture > [1S] UNIT 1.2 Bacterial Cell Structure > Flashcards

[1S] UNIT 1.2 Bacterial Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: SIZE

0.4-2 um

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: SIZE

10-100 um

A

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: NUCLEAR BODY

Nucleoid in the cytosol

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: NUCLEAR BODY

Enclosed in a membrane

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: GENOME

Circular dsDNA (double stranded DNA); In the nucleoid, mesosome

A

Prokaryotes

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6
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: GENOME

Multiple, linear DNA; In the nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

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7
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: EXTRACHROMOSOMAL CDNA

Plasmids, Transposons, Episomes
*These are important in the antibiotic mechanism of the organism

A

Prokaryotes

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8
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: EXTRACHROMOSOMAL CDNA

Mitochondria, Chloroplast

A

Eukaryotes

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9
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: CELL DIVISION

Binary Fission

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: CELL DIVISION

Mitosis

A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: CELL WALL

PRESENT (except in Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma)

A

Prokaryotes

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12
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: CELL WALL

ABSENT (except in Fungi)

A

Eukaryotes

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13
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

Present (phospholipids and protein)
No sterols present

A

Prokaryotes

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14
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

PRESENT (phospholipids and sterols)

A

Eukaryotes

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15
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: CELL ORGANELLES

  1. Present
  2. Absent
A
  1. Eukaryotes
  2. Prokaryotes
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16
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: SITE OF ENERGY PROD

Cytoplasmic Membrane or Plasma Membrane

A

Prokaryotes

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17
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: SITE OF ENERGY PROD

Mitochondria (powerhouse of the eukaryotic cell)

A

Eukaryotes

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18
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Free Ribosomes
Ribosomes (70S)

A

Prokaryotes

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19
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Rough ER
Ribosomes (80s)

A

Eukaryotes

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20
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: MOTILITY

Flagella

A

Prokaryotes

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21
Q

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES: MOTILITY

Flagella, Cilia, Pseudopod

A

Eukaryotes

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22
Q

Bacterial cell is made up of

A

70% Water & 30% Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Enzymes

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23
Q

Bacterial cell wall structures (2)

A

Cell envelope structures
Cytoplasmic structures

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24
Q

● Consists of Cell Wall and Cell Membrane
● Some bacteria may also possess capsules and slime layers

A

Cell Envelope Structures

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25
Q

● Outer membrane (gram-negative only)
● Cell wall (murein layer)

A

Cell Envelope Structures

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26
Q

CELL ENVELOPE: CELL WALL

Contains a thick layer of
peptidoglycan

A

Gram-positive

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27
Q

CELL ENVELOPE: CELL WALL

Contains thin layer of peptidoglycan

A

Gram-negative

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28
Q

CELL ENVELOPE: CELL WALL

Contains waxy substances (e.g. mycolic acids)

A

Acid fast

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29
Q

CELL ENVELOPE

○ Contains gel-like substances that capture nutrients
○ Contains enzymes needed for detoxification and degradation purposes

A

Periplasm

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30
Q

CELL ENVELOPE

T/F: Periplasm is distinct in gram-negative

A

T

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31
Q

CELL ENVELOPE

○ Is the deepest layer of the cell
○ Contains proteins and enzymes that are vital to cellular metabolism
○ Serves as osmotic barrier

A

Cell Membrane

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32
Q

● Gives shape to the bacterial cell
● Provides protection

A

Cell Wall

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33
Q

3 types of cell wall

A

Gram (+), Gram (-) and Acid Fast

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34
Q

Main constituent of cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan or Murein

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35
Q

Cell wall consists of these 2 alternating disaccharides and are linked by pentapeptides

A

■ NAG (N-Acetylglucosamine)
■ NAM (N-Acetylmuramic acid)

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36
Q

● Responsible for pathogenicity
● Serves as a point of anchorage of flagella
● Responsible for antigenic characteristic of certain bacteria

A

Cell Wall

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37
Q

CELL WALL PATHOGENICITY

prevents phagocytosis

A

M protein

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38
Q

CELL WALL PATHOGENICITY

prevent digestion

A

Mycolic Acid

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39
Q

● Serves as the target of antimicrobial agents
● Responsible for staining characteristic of the cell

A

Cell Wall

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40
Q

GRAM (+) VS GRAM (-) CELL WALL

Thick protective murein layer

A

Gram (+)

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41
Q

GRAM (+) VS GRAM (-) CELL WALL

Thinner Murein Layer (Inner Peptidoglycan Layer)

A

Gram (-)

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42
Q

GRAM (+) VS GRAM (-) CELL WALL

Presence of (Ribitol/Glycerol phosphate) Teichoic and Lipoteichoic acid (Glycerol Teichoic acid)

A

Gram (+) Cell Wall

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43
Q

GRAM (+) VS GRAM (-) CELL WALL

Presence of Murein Lipoprotein

A

Gram (-)

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44
Q

GRAM (+) VS GRAM (-) CELL WALL

No periplasm

A

Gram (+)

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45
Q

GRAM (+) VS GRAM (-) CELL WALL

Periplasmic space

A

Gram (-) Cell Wall

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46
Q

GRAM (+) VS GRAM (-) CELL WALL

Antigenic polysaccharide
Presence of S-layer

A

Gram (+)

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47
Q

GRAM (+) VS GRAM (-) CELL WALL

Outer layer: proteins, phospholipids, and
lipopolysaccharides:
- O-antigen
- Core polysaccharide
- Lipid A (endotoxin)

A

Gram (-)

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48
Q

GRAM (+) VS GRAM (-) CELL WALL

Flagellum is provided only with two basal rings

A

Gram (+)

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49
Q

G(+)/G(-): Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Bordetella pertussis

A

Gram (-) Cell Wall

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50
Q

Presence of phospholipids similar in the cell membrane

A

Gram (-) Cell Wall

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51
Q

Presence of Principal Proteins or Major Outer Membrane Proteins such as
○ Porin Proteins
○ Transmembrane Proteins
○ Peripheral proteins

A

Gram (-) Cell Wall

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52
Q

GRAM (-) CELL WALL

span the outer membrane

A

Transmembrane Proteins

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53
Q

GRAM (-) CELL WALL

responsible for transmembrane transport of molecules

A

Peripheral proteins

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54
Q

appear as WEAKLY GRAM POSITIVE

A

Acid Fast Cell Wall

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55
Q

Possess a waxy layer of mycolic acid bound to the cell wall
○ Seen in Mycobacterium, Nocardia

A

Acid Fast Cell Wall

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56
Q

Cell membrane of AF organisms are similar to other bacteria except that they possess _________ & ____________

A

Phosphatidylmannosides (PIM) and Lipoarabinomannan

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57
Q

ORGANISMS THAT LACK CELL WALL

○ Contains sterol in their cell membranes
○ Seen in various shape microscopically

A

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

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58
Q

ORGANISMS THAT LACK CELL WALL

gram-positive and gram-negative cells that lose their cell walls
○ can grow in media supplemented with serum or sugar to prevent osmotic rupture of the cell membrane

A

L-forms

59
Q

● Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
● Composition: 30-60% Phospholipids and 50-70% Protein

A

Plasma / Cell Membrane

60
Q

● For protection
● Osmotic barrier
● Site of energy production: electron transport chain

A

Plasma Membrane

61
Q

● Chemical components: phospholipids and proteins
● No sterols present

A

Plasma Membrane

62
Q

● Folded areas of the cell membrane
● Extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane

A

Mesosomes

63
Q

● Site of enzymatic activity
● Point of attachment for nucleoid

A

Mesosomes

64
Q

Capsule (organized)
Slime Layer (unorganized)

A

Surface Polymers

65
Q

● Generally composed of polysaccharides
● An organized material that is firmly attached to the cell wall

A

Capsule

66
Q

○ Protects from toxic substances and desiccation
○ Promotes concentration of nutrients

A

Capsule

67
Q

○ Promotes adhesion
○ Antiphagocytic factor
○ Antigenic (K antigen); (Vi antigen seen in S. typhi)

A

Capsule

68
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae

A

CAPSULE: Polysaccharide Containing

69
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

CAPSULE: Polypeptide D-Glutamic Acid Containing

70
Q

Pasteurella multocida

A

CAPSULE: Hyaluronic Acid Containing

71
Q

Unorganized layer and not firmly attached to cell wall

A

Slime Layer

72
Q

Inhibits phagocytosis or aid in the adherence to host tissue or synthetic implants

A

Slime Layer

73
Q
  • Organisms capable of producing slime layer
  • Also polysaccharide containing
A

○ Staphyloccocus epidermis
○ Steptococcus mutans

74
Q

Consists of a monomicrobic or polymicrobic group of bacteria housed in a complex polysaccharide matrix

A

Biofilm

75
Q

The cells reach a critical mass that results in alteration in metabolism and gene expression

A

Biofilm

76
Q

Why are biofilms important

A

● Often difficult to detect
● Resistant to desiccation
● Dissemination
● Tolerant to biocides

77
Q

● Locomotory appendage of the bacterial cell
● Long filamentous appendages
● Organ for Locomotion/Motility

A

Flagella

78
Q

Seen mostly in Gr(-) bacilli

A

Flagella

79
Q

3 parts of flagella

A

filament, hook and basal body

80
Q

seen in Vibrio

A

Sheathed Flagella

81
Q

● Protein Composition: Flagellin
● Function: Allows the spread of infection
● Antigen: H Antigen (heat-labile)

A

Flagella

82
Q

no flagella

A

Atrichous

83
Q

has a singular flagellum on one end

A

Monotrichous

84
Q

has multiple (tuft) flagella on one end of the bacterium

A

Lophotrichous

85
Q

flagella is evenly distributed on both ends of the bacterium

A

Peritrichous

86
Q

contains a single flagellum on both ends of the bacteria

A

Amphitrichous

87
Q

3 flagellar stains

A

● Leifson
● Gray
● Fisher and Conn

88
Q

FLAGELLA

Motility is best observed at

A

25°C

89
Q

Flagella is seen at 2 methods

A

Hanging Drop Method & Use of Semisolid Media

90
Q

● Axial Fibril
● Spirochetes (cork-screw motility)

A

Periplasmic Flagella (Endoflagellum)

91
Q

● Hairlike, protein structures (2um in length)
● Main purpose is for bacterial adherence and conjugation
● Non-motile, long hollow proteins

A

Pili

92
Q

PILI

Promotes bacterial adherence

A

Common/Somatic Pili/Fimbriae

93
Q

PILI

Allows genetic exchange between two bacterial cells

A

Sex Pili

94
Q

● Escherichia coli
● Neisseria gonorrhoeae
● Neisseria meningitidis
● Pseudomonas aeruginosa
● Some Gr(+) organisms such as: Actinomyces, some Streptococci, and Corynebacteria

A

Fimbrae

95
Q

Amorphous gel containing enzymes, granules, inclusions, genome

A

Cytoplasm

96
Q

CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES

Chromatin or nuclear body composed of a single circular DNA

A

Nucleoid

97
Q

CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES

Appear as free or attached to the cell membrane

A

Ribosomes

98
Q

CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES

A

NUCLEOID
RIBOSOMES
ENDOSPORES
TRANSPOSONS & PLASMIDS
CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES

99
Q

CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES

Produced during harsh environmental conditions to protect itself against them, such as temperature change, dessication, high exposure to gamma radiation and chemical agents

A

Endospores

100
Q

CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES

Multilayered, small, dormant asexual spores

A

Endospores

101
Q

CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES

● HIGHLY RESISTANT IN UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS
● COMPOSITION: Dipicolinic acid calcium complex

A

Endospores

102
Q

CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES

● Stained/Visualized by Fulton-Schaeffer Method
● Medically Important Genera with spores:
○ Bacillus
○ Clostridium

A

Endospores

103
Q

“Jumping genes”

A

Transposons

104
Q

DNA elements that are able to “JUMP” or TRANSPOSE from one chromosome or plasmid to another

A

Transposons

105
Q

Function: Carry antibiotic resistance genes

A

Transposons

106
Q

● Circular DNA elements
● Replicate independently from the chromosome

A

Plasmids

107
Q

Carry genes that give the bacterium an advantage

A

Plasmids

108
Q

Serve as food reserves (polysaccharides, lipids, polyphosphates)

A

Inclusion Bodies

109
Q

INCLUSION BODIES

Major storage material for Enterics

A

Glycogen

110
Q

INCLUSION BODIES

Principal storage material for Neisseria and
Clostridium

A

Starch

111
Q

INCLUSION BODIES

seen in Bacillus and
Pseudomonas

A

Poly-beta hydroxybutyrate

112
Q

BACTERIA AND THEIR INCLUSION BODIES

Much Granules

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

113
Q

BACTERIA AND THEIR INCLUSION BODIES

● Babes Ernst Bodies
● Metachromatic Granules
● Volutin

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

114
Q

BACTERIA AND THEIR INCLUSION BODIES

Halberstaedter Prowazek
Bodies

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

115
Q

BACTERIA AND THEIR INCLUSION BODIES

Levinthal Cole Lillie Bodies

A

Chlamydia psitaci

116
Q

INCLUSION BODIES

contains sulfur containing granules

A

Thiobacillus

117
Q

● Causative organism of Black Plague
● “Safety pin appearance”
● Caused by Bipolar bodies

A

Pasteurella multocida and Yersinia pestis

118
Q

CLASSES OF DYES

● Cationic/(+) charged groups that bind to (-) charged molecules
● It will stain the acidic structures.

A

Basic Dyes

119
Q

CLASSES OF DYES

methylene blue, basic fuchsin, crystal violet, safranin, malachite green

A

Basic Dyes

120
Q

CLASSES OF DYES

● Anionic/(-) charged groups that bind to (+) charged
molecules
● It will stain the basic structures

A

Acid Dyes

121
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

● 1 stain is used
● Stains/Visualizes the form and shape of the bacterial cell

A

Simple Staining (basic/simple dyes)

122
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

methylene blue, basic fuchsin, crystal violet, safranin, malachite green

A

Simple Staining (basic/simple dyes)

123
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

use of 2 or more dyes

A

Differential Stain

124
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

Gram Staining, Acid-Fast Staining

A

Differential Stain

125
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

Primarily to demonstrate the capsule

A

Indirect / Relief / Negative Staining

126
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

● Bacteria appear as light-colored bodies against a dark background
● “Halo” appearance
● Used to visualize capsulated bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

Indirect / Relief / Negative Staining

127
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

India Ink

A

Indirect / Relief / Negative Staining

128
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

● Used for staining special structures
● Stains for specific parts of a bacterial cell

A

Special Stains

129
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

Special stain for cell wall

A

Dyar Stain

130
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

Special stain for Metachromatic Granules/Inclusion Bodies

A

Neisser, Albert

131
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

Special stain for Endospores

A

Fulton Schaeffer, Dorner

132
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

Special stain for Flagella

A

Gray, Leifson

133
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

Special stain for DNA

A

Feulgen

134
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

Special stain for Spirochetes

A

Levaditi’s

135
Q

STAINING PROCEDURES

● More sensitive as compared to routine stains
● Use of fluorochromes such as acridine orange,
rhodamine-auramine (Truant Method for M. tuberculosis) and fluoroscein isothiocyanate (FITC), calcofluor white

A

Fluorescent Dyes

136
Q

● Fundamental Staining Method in Bacteriology
● Developed by Hans Christian Gram

A

Gram Staining

137
Q

Gram staining involves the use of (4)

A

Primary Stain
Mordant
Decolorizer
Secondary Stain

138
Q

Developed gram staining

A

Hans Christian Gram

139
Q

GRAM STAIN

Primary Stain: Crystal Violet - V
Mordant: Gram’s Iodine - V
Decolorizer: 95% Ethanol or Acetone Alcohol - V
Secondary Stain: Safranin O or Carbol Fuchsin - V

A

Gram (+)

140
Q

GRAM STAIN

Primary Stain: Crystal Violet - V
Mordant: Gram’s Iodine - V
Decolorizer: 95% Ethanol or Acetone Alcohol - Colorless
Secondary Stain: Safranin O or Carbol Fuchsin - Red/Dark Pink

A

Gram (-)

141
Q

Staining method for bacteria that possess mycolic acid in their cell walls (i.e. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species, and Nocardia)

A

Acid Fast Staining

142
Q

Principle: Mycolic acid, once stained by the primary stain, is able to resist the decolorization of acid-alcohol rendering them as “ACID FAST”

A

Acid Fast Staining

143
Q

AF METHODS

● Primary Stain: Carbolfuchsin
● Mordant: Heat/Steam
● Decolorizer: Acid-alcohol
● Secondary Stain: Methylene Blue/Malachite Green

A

Zhiel-Neelsen - Hot Method

144
Q

AF METHODS

● Primary Stain: Carbolfuchsin
● Mordant: Tergitol
● Decolorizer: Acid Alcohol
● Secondary Stain: Methylene Blue/Malachite Green

A

Kinyoun Method - Cold Method

[MT 6320] Clinical Bacteriology Lecture (8 decks)

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