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Anatomy 205 > 1F > Flashcards

1F Flashcards

1
Q

Articular System

A

Joint or articulation, refers to the connections between components of the skeletal system.

Origin: Articulus
Latin;joint

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2
Q

Arthology

A

Study of joints.

Origin: Arthron
Greek;joint

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3
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of joints.

Origin: Arthron
Greek;joint

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4
Q

Criteria for classification of joints

A

The nature of the intervening tissue.

ex. the tissue between the 2 articulating ends of the bones.

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5
Q

3 major types of joints

A

Fibrous (synarthroses), Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses), and Synovial (diarthroses)

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6
Q

Fibrous (synarthroses) Joint

A

A joint that is united by fibrous connective tissue.

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7
Q

Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses) Joint

A

A joint united by cartilage.

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8
Q

Synovial (diarthroses) Joint

A

Joint characterized by the possession of a cavity and specialized to permit free movement.

Intervening tissue is is synovial fluid.

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9
Q

SUTURE Fibrous Joint

A

Formed by 2 bones whose articulating surfaces are serrated.

ex. in the form of interdigitations
- It is immovable
- It is located only in the skull

ex. sagittal suture

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10
Q

SYNDESMOSES Fibrous Joint

A

A fibrous joint in which the intervening connective tissue is of greater amount than that found in a suture.

  • It is slightly moveable.
  • It is located between the 2 bones of the forearm and the 2 bones in the leg.

ex. radioulnar syndesmoses (in which the intervening connective tissue is the interosseous membrane).

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11
Q

HYALINE Cartilage Joint

A

A joint in which the intervening tissue is hyaline cartilage.

  • It is immovable.
  • Located between the epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bone (a temporary condition that will later ossify).

ex. epiphyseal disc

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12
Q

FIBROCARTILAGE Joint

A

A joint which the intervening tissue is fibrocartilage.

  • It is slightly moveable.
  • Locations
    ex. between adjacent vertebral bodies: intervertebral discs
    ex. between the right and left pubic bones: interpubic disc
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13
Q

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE Synovial Joint

A

Cover the ends of articulating bones.

  • Layer of hyaline cartilage.
  • It is avascular.
  • It lacks nerves.
  • It is radiolucent (cannot be seen on radiographs).
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14
Q

ARTICULAR CAPSULE Synovial Joint

A

Encapsulates the joint; connects together the 2 bones and completely encircles the joint, thus enclosing the synovial cavity.

  • Composed of 2 layers.
  • An outer fibrous layer that is continuous with the periosteum of bone.
  • An inner layer that is called synovial membrane that lines the inside of the fibrous layer; quite vascular and produces the synovial fluid that fills the synovial cavity, and lubricates the joint and nourishes the articular cartilage.
  • The synovial fluid is derived from blood.
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15
Q

Movements at synovial joints

A

Gliding, angular, rotation

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16
Q

Gliding Movement

A

Involve a slight slipping of 1 bone over another, usually flat surfaces; little actual movements occur.

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17
Q

Angular Movements

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

of foot and joint: dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, eversion, inversion

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18
Q

Flexion

A

Bending of a joint so that the angle becomes more acute.

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19
Q

Extension

A

Straightening of a flexed joint.

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20
Q

Abduction

A

Movement in a frontal plane away from the median plane.

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21
Q

Adduction

A

Movement in a frontal plane toward the median plane.

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22
Q

Circumduction

A

Combination of the above 4 movements.

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23
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Moving the dorsum of the foot toward the anterior leg.

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24
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Moving the dorsum of the foot away from the anterior leg.

25
Q

Eversion

A

Moving the lateral surface of the foot superiorly.

26
Q

Inversion

A

Moving the medial surface of the foot superiorly.

27
Q

Medial Rotation

A

Anterior aspect of the limb rotates medially.

28
Q

Lateral Rotation

A

Anterior aspect of the limb rotating laterally.

29
Q

Pronation

A

Medial rotation of the forearm.

30
Q

Supination

A

Lateral rotation of the forearm.

31
Q

Limitations of movement

A
  • Shape of the articulating surfaces
  • Ligaments and capsule at the joint
  • Muscles that act on the joint
32
Q

Classification of Synovial Joints

A

According to the shapes of the articular surfaces of the constituent.

The shape is responsible for the type of movement allowed at the joint and the range of movement.

33
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A

Plane, hinge (gingylmus), pivot (trochoid), condyloid (ellipsoidal), saddle (sellar), ball and socket (spheroid)

34
Q

PLANE Synovial Joint

A

Articular surfaces almost flat; allows sliding or gliding movements.

Usually uniaxial.

ex. between carpal and tarsal bones

35
Q

HINGE (GINGYLMUS) Synovial Joint

A

Articular surfaces present 1 or more convex projections fitting into a concave surface(s); allows movements of flexion and extension in 1 plane (sagittal plane).

Uniaxial.

ex. elbow, interphalangeal, knee, and ankle joints

36
Q

PIVOT (TROCHOID) Synovial Joint

A

Articular surfaces present a rounded projection rotating within a concave depression; allows movements of medial and lateral rotation around a longitudinal axis.

Uniaxial.

ex. between radius and ulna (radioulnar joint)

37
Q

CONDYLOID (EPPIPOSIDAL) Synovial Joint

A

Articular surfaces present a condyloid projection fitting into a concave depression; allows movement of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in 2 planes (frontal and sagittal planes and circumduction).

Biaxial.

ex. wrist joint

38
Q

SADDLE (SELLAR) Synovial Joint

A

Articular surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex. Each articular surface presents both a concave surface and a convex surface. When the articular surfaces of these 2 bones are joined, the concave and convex surfaces of the first bone simultaneously fit into the respective convex and concave surfaces of the second bone; allows movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction 2 planes (same as condyloid), plus rotation.

Biaxial.

ex. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

39
Q

BALL AND SOCKET (SPHEROIDEA) Synovial Joint

A

Articular surfaces present a spherical surface of 1 bone moving within a socket of there other bone; allows movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation in an infinite number of planes.

Multiaxial.

ex. shoulder and hip

40
Q

Rule of Stability of a Joint

A

As the degree of freedom of movement increases the stability of the joint decreases.

41
Q

Bursa

A

Small connective tissue sac lined with a synovial membrane that contains synovial fluid.

Origin: Greek; bursa=a pursa

42
Q

Buritis

A

Inflammation of a bursa.

43
Q

Function of Bursa

A

Facilitates movement by minimizing friction between 2 moving structures.

44
Q

Structure of Bursa

A

Small closed connective tissue sac lined with a secretory synovial membrane.

Filled with a clear viscous fluid, which is secreted by the synovial membrane; responsible for the cushioning effect of the bursa.

45
Q

Synovial Sheath

A

An elongated bursa, which encloses a tendon, and is often located between the tendons of the wrist and ankle ad the retinacula (connective tissue structures that retain tendons) of the wrist and ankle.

46
Q

Location of Bursa

A

Found between 2 structures, which move on one another, in which friction needs to be decreased.

  • between skin and bone
    ex. elbow and knee
  • between tendon and bone
    ex. ankle
  • between muscle and bone
    ex. shoulder
  • between tendon and retinacula
    ex. wrist and ankle
47
Q

A joint is classified on the basis of all of the following EXCEPT

a. Intervening tissue
b. Mobility
c. Types of movements
d. Articulating surfaces
e. All of the above can be used

48
Q

Of the following, which type of joint can be described as the MOST immovable?

a. suture
b. Amphiathroses
c. Syndesmoses
d. Synovial
e. Fibrocartilaginous

49
Q

Of the following, where can a bursa NOT be found?

a. Between tendons and bones
b. Between tendon and retinacula
c. Between suture and articulating tissue
d. Between muscle bone
e. Between skin and knee

50
Q

This type of joint can be found between two bones in the forearm?

a. Cartilaginous
b. Fibrocartilaginous
c. Syndesmoses
d. Articular
e. none of the above

51
Q

Articulus means:

a. articular in greek
b. articular in latin
c. joint in greek
d. joint in latin
e. arthritis in greek

52
Q

Which type of joint allows for circumduction?

a. ball and socket
b. Pivot
c. Condyloid
d. Saddle
e. 2 of the above joints
f. 3 of the above joints

53
Q

What type of bone can be found articulating within a PLANE SYNOVIAL joint?

a. Regular
b. Irregular
c. Long
d. Short
e. Flat

54
Q

Choose the answer(s) with the correct definition(s).

A. arthritis – inflammation of cartilage
B. arthrology – study of joints
C. articulation – refers to connections between components of the skeletal system
D. eversion – moving the medial surface of the foot superiorly
E. all of the above are correct

55
Q

Diarthroses is a joint in which the intervening tissue is synovial fluid.

A. True
B. False

56
Q

Choose the statement(s) which best describe a fibrocartilaginous joint.

Select one or more:
A. a joint in which the intervening tissue is hyaline
B. it is immovable
C. it is located between the two bones of the forearm and the two bones of the leg
D. it is slightly movable
E. it is located between the interpubic disc

57
Q

Choose the incorrect statement(s).

A. there are 5 types of synovial joints
B. an example of a ball and socket joint would be the elbow
C. The articular surfaces of a saddle joint are reciprocally concave-convex.
D. A condyloid joint allows movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in 2 planes.
E. all of the above statements are incorrect

58
Q

Ball and socket joints allow for what type of movement? Choose all that apply.

A. extension 
B. circumduction 
C. abduction 
D. flexion 
E. none of the above

Anatomy 205 (5 decks)

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