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Bioc 460 > 1.Biochemistry Intro > Flashcards

1.Biochemistry Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five characteristics of living matter?

A
  1. High complexity and organization
  2. Use of energy to create and maintain structures and do work
  3. Interactions of individual components is dynamic and coordinated
  4. Sense and respond to environmental changes
  5. Precise self-replication
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2
Q

How does living matter display a high degree of complexity and organization?

A

many different molecules

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3
Q

How does living matter use energy to create and maintain structure and do work?

A

chemical reactions require and release energy

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4
Q

How are interactions in living matter dynamic and coordinated?

A

molecules interact through different molecular forces

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5
Q

How does living matter sense and respond to environmental changes?

A

occurrence of chemical reactions and molecule transitions

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6
Q

How is living matter able to precisely self-replicate?

A

molecules make up genetic information

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7
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and eukarya

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8
Q

How are the relationships in the domain tree based off of?

A

similarity in rRNA sequences

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9
Q

What does the domain tree relate?

A

similarity on a molecular level

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10
Q

What are the three kingdoms in the prokaryote category?

A

archaea, bacteria, and Protista

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11
Q

What are the three categories in the eukaryote category?

A

fungi, plants, animals

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12
Q

What is an aerobic organism?

A

they derive energy from electron transfer to oxygen

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13
Q

What is an anaerobic organism?

A

they derive energy by electron transfer to N, S, Co2

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14
Q

What are the four common structures in all cells?

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material

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15
Q

What are the common traits between plant and animals cells?(7)

A

membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, Er, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and cytoskeleton

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16
Q

What are the two cell traits only animals have?

A

lysosomes and peroxisomes

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17
Q

What do plants have in their cells that are specific to them? (5)

A

chloroplasts, vacuole, glyoxysome, plasmodesma, cell wall

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18
Q

What is the simplest cell type?

A

bacteria

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19
Q

What are the four main macromolecules that makeup bacteria cells?

A

carbs, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid

20
Q

What is unique about eukaryotic cells?

A

they have membrane-bound organelles and are more complex

21
Q

What is unique about bacterial cells?

A

have flagella and pili

22
Q

What type of homeostasis do cells stay in?

A

dynamic

23
Q

Define phototrophs

A

use the sun as an energy source

24
Q

What type of organisms are phototrophs?

A

Plants and some bacteria

25
Q

Define chemotrophs

A

use chemical energy sources

26
Q

What category, based on energy and carbon source, are humans in?

A

chemoheterotrophs

27
Q

What category, based on energy and carbon source, are plants in?

A

photoautotrophs

28
Q

What are the six most essential elements for life?

A

C, H, O, N, P, and S

29
Q

Why is carbon important?

A

versatile and can bond with itself and other elements

30
Q

What do stereoisomers arrangements cause?

A

same chemical property, but different physical properties

31
Q

What are geometric isomers?

A

different physical and chemical properties

32
Q

What are the two examples of geometric isomers?

A

cis and trans

33
Q

Define a trans isomer

A

groups of different sides

34
Q

Define a cis isomer

A

groups on the same side

35
Q

Define enantiomers

A

mirrored images of each other

36
Q

Define diastereomers

A

non-mirror images

37
Q

What do enantiomer’s arrangements cause?

A

cause different biological properties

38
Q

Define stereospecific

A

arrangement determines how it reacts

39
Q

Why is RNA versatile?

A

it can be both the information carrier and biocatalyst

40
Q

What does near-perfect replication allow?

A

natural selection to occur

41
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

DNA-RNA-protein

42
Q

What is the RNA world theory?

A

started with short RNA molecules with random sequences, they selectively replicated, specific peptides catalyzed by RNA, evolution of RNA and protein, translation system develops, genomic RNA beings to be copied into DNA

43
Q

How does natural selection favor some mutations?

A

mutations that are good will stick around

44
Q

How does endosymbiosis work?

A

allows chemical reactions to occur that would not have been able to before

45
Q

How did endosymbiosis occur in eukaryotes?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts were brought into eukaryotic cells to perform specialized functions

Bioc 460 (6 decks)

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