1.Biochemistry Intro Flashcards
What are the five characteristics of living matter?
- High complexity and organization
- Use of energy to create and maintain structures and do work
- Interactions of individual components is dynamic and coordinated
- Sense and respond to environmental changes
- Precise self-replication
How does living matter display a high degree of complexity and organization?
many different molecules
How does living matter use energy to create and maintain structure and do work?
chemical reactions require and release energy
How are interactions in living matter dynamic and coordinated?
molecules interact through different molecular forces
How does living matter sense and respond to environmental changes?
occurrence of chemical reactions and molecule transitions
How is living matter able to precisely self-replicate?
molecules make up genetic information
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and eukarya
How are the relationships in the domain tree based off of?
similarity in rRNA sequences
What does the domain tree relate?
similarity on a molecular level
What are the three kingdoms in the prokaryote category?
archaea, bacteria, and Protista
What are the three categories in the eukaryote category?
fungi, plants, animals
What is an aerobic organism?
they derive energy from electron transfer to oxygen
What is an anaerobic organism?
they derive energy by electron transfer to N, S, Co2
What are the four common structures in all cells?
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material
What are the common traits between plant and animals cells?(7)
membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, Er, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and cytoskeleton
What are the two cell traits only animals have?
lysosomes and peroxisomes
What do plants have in their cells that are specific to them? (5)
chloroplasts, vacuole, glyoxysome, plasmodesma, cell wall
What is the simplest cell type?
bacteria
What are the four main macromolecules that makeup bacteria cells?
carbs, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid
What is unique about eukaryotic cells?
they have membrane-bound organelles and are more complex
What is unique about bacterial cells?
have flagella and pili
What type of homeostasis do cells stay in?
dynamic
Define phototrophs
use the sun as an energy source
What type of organisms are phototrophs?
Plants and some bacteria
Define chemotrophs
use chemical energy sources
What category, based on energy and carbon source, are humans in?
chemoheterotrophs
What category, based on energy and carbon source, are plants in?
photoautotrophs
What are the six most essential elements for life?
C, H, O, N, P, and S
Why is carbon important?
versatile and can bond with itself and other elements
What do stereoisomers arrangements cause?
same chemical property, but different physical properties
What are geometric isomers?
different physical and chemical properties
What are the two examples of geometric isomers?
cis and trans
Define a trans isomer
groups of different sides
Define a cis isomer
groups on the same side
Define enantiomers
mirrored images of each other
Define diastereomers
non-mirror images
What do enantiomer’s arrangements cause?
cause different biological properties
Define stereospecific
arrangement determines how it reacts
Why is RNA versatile?
it can be both the information carrier and biocatalyst
What does near-perfect replication allow?
natural selection to occur
What is the central dogma?
DNA-RNA-protein
What is the RNA world theory?
started with short RNA molecules with random sequences, they selectively replicated, specific peptides catalyzed by RNA, evolution of RNA and protein, translation system develops, genomic RNA beings to be copied into DNA
How does natural selection favor some mutations?
mutations that are good will stick around
How does endosymbiosis work?
allows chemical reactions to occur that would not have been able to before
How did endosymbiosis occur in eukaryotes?
mitochondria and chloroplasts were brought into eukaryotic cells to perform specialized functions
