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Bioc 460 > 1. amino acids, peptides, and proteins > Flashcards

1. amino acids, peptides, and proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What are amino acids?

A

building blocks of proteins

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2
Q

What is the general structure of an amino acid?

A

acidic carboxyl group
amino group
hydrogen
R group

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3
Q

What part of an amino acids changes depending on the aa?

A

R group

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4
Q

What is the central molecule in an amino acid structure?

A

alpha carbon

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5
Q

What are the two stereoisomers in amino acids?

A

L and D - glyceraldehyde

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6
Q

Which form do amino acids appear in proteins?

A

L amino acids

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7
Q

What type of names do amino acids have?

A

three letter code and a one letter code

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8
Q

What amino acid is Gly?

A

glycine

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9
Q

What amino acid is Ala?

A

alanine

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10
Q

What amino acid is Pro?

A

Proline

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11
Q

What amino acid is Val?

A

Valine

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12
Q

What amino acid is Leu?

A

leucine

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13
Q

What amino acid is Ile?

A

isoleucine

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14
Q

What amino acid is Met?

A

methionine

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15
Q

What amino acid is Phe?

A

phenylalanine

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16
Q

What amino acid is Tyr?

A

tyrosine

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17
Q

What amino acid is Trp?

A

Tryptophan

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18
Q

What amino acid is Ser?

A

serine

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19
Q

What amino acid is Thr?

A

threonine

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20
Q

What amino acid is Cys?

A

cysteine

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21
Q

What amino acid is Asn?

A

Asparagine

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22
Q

What amino acid is Gln?

A

glutamine

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23
Q

What amino acid is Asp?

A

Aspartate

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24
Q

What amino acid is Glu?

A

gluatamate

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25
Q

What amino acid is Lys?

A

lysine

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26
Q

What amino acid is His?

A

histidine

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27
Q

What amino acid is Arg?

A

Arginine

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28
Q

What amino acid is E?

A

glutamate

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29
Q

What amino acid is D?

A

aspartate

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30
Q

What amino acid is R?

A

arginine

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31
Q

What amino acid is H?

A

histidine

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32
Q

What amino acid is K?

A

lysine

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33
Q

What amino acid is Q?

A

glutamine

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34
Q

What amino acid is N?

A

asparagine

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35
Q

What amino acid is C?

A

cysteine

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36
Q

What amino acid is T?

A

threonine

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37
Q

What amino acid is S?

A

serine

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38
Q

What amino acid is W?

A

tryptophan

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39
Q

What amino acid is Y?

A

tyrosine

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40
Q

What amino acid is F

A

phenylalanine

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41
Q

What amino acid is M?

A

methionine

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42
Q

What amino acid is I?

A

isoleucine

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43
Q

What amino acid is L

A

leucine

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44
Q

What amino acid is V

A

valine

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45
Q

What amino acid is P?

A

proline

46
Q

What amino acid is A

A

alanine

47
Q

What amino acid is G?

A

glycine

48
Q

What are the five different groups of amino acids?

A

nonpolar, aromatic, polar, positively charged, negatively charged

49
Q

What are the 7 nonpolar acids?

A

glycine
alanine
proline
valine
leucine
isoleucine
methionine

50
Q

What is the simplest amino acid?

A

glycine

51
Q

What is the unique characteristic about nonpolar amino acids?

A

all but one have aliphatic R groups

52
Q

What is unique about methionine?

A

has Sulfur in is R group

53
Q

What is unique about
A,V,L, and I amino acids in the nonpolar group?

A

exhibit the hydrophobic effect

53
Q

What is unique about proline?

A

cyclic structure

54
Q

What are the three aromatic R-groups?

A

phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan

55
Q

What characteristic is unique about the aromatic R groups?

A

all have cyclic structure

56
Q

What is unique about tyrosine?

A

the OH group can form hydrogen bonds

57
Q

Are the aromatic R groups nonpolar or polar and why?

A

nonpolar because of their rings

58
Q

What do the side chains in the aromatic R groups do?

A

absorb UV light

59
Q

What are the five polar R groups?

A

serine, threonine, cysteine, asparagine, glutamine

60
Q

What can the side chains of the polar R groups do?

A

form hydrogen bonds

61
Q

What is unique about cysteine?

A

SH groups form disulfide bonds with themselves through oxidation

62
Q

What property do disulfide residues have?

A

strongly hydrophobic

63
Q

What is unique about asparagine and glutamine?

A

amides of aspartate and glutamate

64
Q

What are the two negatively charged R groups?

A

aspartate and glutamate

65
Q

What part of aspartate and glutamate gives it the negative charge?

A

COO-

66
Q

What are the three positively charged R groups?

A

lysine, arginine, histidine

67
Q

Which amino acid group has the longest chains?

A

positively charged

68
Q

What is unique about lysine?

A

second primary amino acid

69
Q

What is unique about arginine?

A

has a positively charged guanidinium group

70
Q

What is unique about histidine?

A

aromatic imidazole group

71
Q

What are all amino acids able to do?

A

ionize

72
Q

What does a negative hydropathy index mean?

A

higher the interaction with water

73
Q

What two portions of an amino acids contain ionizable protons?

A

carboxylic acid group
amino group

74
Q

What is the pKa of the carboxylic acid group?

A

low pH

75
Q

What is the pKa of the amino group?

A

high pH

76
Q

At high pH, how do amino acids exist?

A

cation form

77
Q

At low pH, how do amino acids exist?

A

anion form

78
Q

What is the zwitterion form?

A

middle pKa, molecule contains a positive and negative charge

79
Q

Why is the pKa value for each amino acid different?

A

other areas of the amino acid can influence it

80
Q

According to the titrations of amino acids, what other roles can they play?

A

buffers

81
Q

What is the isoelectric point?

A

pH where the net electric charge is zero

82
Q

In the zwitterionic form, what can the aa act as?

A

an acid or base

83
Q

What is the isoelectric point formula for amino acids without ionizable side chains?

A

(pK1 + pK2)/2

84
Q

When pH = pI, what is the charge?

A

zero

85
Q

When pH > pI, what is the charge?

A

negative

86
Q

When pH < pI, what is the charge?

A

positive

87
Q

What are the four characteristics of aa with ionizable side chains?

A

have a pKa value
buffers
influence the pI
can be titrated

88
Q

What is unique about the titration curves of ionizable side chain amino achids?

A

there are 3 ionization steps

89
Q

How do you calculate the pI when the side chain is ionizable?

A

identify the net zero charge, and take the average of the pKr and pK2

90
Q

What is the pKr?

A

pKa value that defines the acid strength of a zwitterion

91
Q

What is the pK2?

A

pKa that defines the base strength of the zwitterion

92
Q

What is a peptide?

A

multiple amino acids joined together

93
Q

How do amino acids form peptides?

A

polymerization

94
Q

What are the three characteristics of peptide bonds?

A

covalent
formed through condensation
broken through hydrolysis

95
Q

in the formation or breakage of peptide bonds, what is either used or given off?

A

H2O

96
Q

What end do you start with when naming and numbering peptides

A

amino terminus (N-terminal)

97
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

many amino acids

98
Q

What is a protein?

A

thousands of amino acids

99
Q

What are the three ionizable groups in peptides?

A

N-terminus
C-terminus
some R groups

100
Q

What are the four functions of peptides

A

hormones
neuropeptides
antibiotics
protection

101
Q

What are three common hormones and pheromones

A

insulin
oxytocin
sex-peptide

102
Q

What is an example of a neuropeptide?

A

substance P - pain mediator

103
Q

What is polymyxin and bacitracin examples of

A

antibiotics

104
Q

What is a conjugated protein?

A

covalently bound to a nonprotein entity

105
Q

What types of things can bind to polypeptides?

A

cofactors
coenzymes
prosthetic groups

106
Q

What are cofactors?

A

functional non-amino acid component

107
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

organic cofactors

108
Q

What is the function of uncommon amino acids

A

found in specific tissues and play special roles

109
Q

How are uncommon amino acids generated?

A

proton motive force

110
Q

What is a modification that can alter protein function?

A

phosphorylation

111
Q

What amino acid can’t be phosphorylated?

A

cysteine

Bioc 460 (6 decks)

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