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Bioc 460 > 1. Thermodynamics > Flashcards

1. Thermodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the conservation of energy?

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

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2
Q

How does entropy work within the laws of thermodynamics?

A

the disorder of a system always increases

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3
Q

How do living organisms follow the conservation of energy?

A

they transform energy from one form to another

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4
Q

How do organisms use energy from their environment?

A

extract useable energy from surroundings and release useless energy back in the form of heat

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5
Q

What happens to the entropy of the universe while transforming energy?

A

it increases

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6
Q

Define transductions

A

one thing to another

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7
Q

What state do living organisms exist in?

A

dynamic steady state

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8
Q

What allows living organisms to transform matter into energy and what do they use?

A

energy coupling and catalysts

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9
Q

Are living organisms ever at equilibrium with their surroundings?

A

no

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10
Q

When entropy increases, what is needed to create and maintain order?

A

work and energy

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11
Q

Define an open system

A

exchange both energy and matter with surroundings

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12
Q

What type of system are humans?

A

open system

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13
Q

Define closed system

A

exchange only energy with surroundings

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14
Q

Define isolated system

A

cannot exchange energy or matter with surroundings

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15
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy on earth?

A

sunlight

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16
Q

Define metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in the cell

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17
Q

Define anabolism

A

making complex molecules from simpler ones

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18
Q

Does anabolism require or release energy?

A

require

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19
Q

Define catabolism

A

breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones

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20
Q

Does catabolism require or release energy?

A

release

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21
Q

What three quantities define the free energy content of any closed system?

A

entropy, enthalpy and absolute temperature

22
Q

Define entropy

A

randomness or disorder of a system

23
Q

When disorder increases, how does this affect entropy?

A

it becomes positive

24
Q

When disorder decreases, how does this affect entropy?

A

it becomes negative

25
Q

Define enthalpy

A

sum of a system’s internal energy, or heat

26
Q

When enthalpy (H) is positive, is the equation endothermic or exothermic?

A

endothermic

27
Q

When enthalpy (H) is negative, is the equation endothermic or exothermic?

A

exothermic

28
Q

Define endothermic

A

absorb heat energy from surroundings

29
Q

Define exothermic

A

release thermal energy to surroundings

30
Q

What two factors, at a constant temperature, affect the free energy change?

A

change in enthalpy and entropy

31
Q

What is the standard free energy change and what symbol is it?

A

Delta G - constant characteristic for a specific reaction at standard conditions

32
Q

What are the standard conditions for the free energy change?

A

temp - 25 C
pressure - 1 atm
reactants - 1M

33
Q

When delta G^’o is negative, is the reactions exergonic or endergonic?

A

exergonic

34
Q

Define exergonic reaction

A

reaction can occur spontaneously
releases free energy

35
Q

When Delta G^’o is positive, is the reaction exergonic or endergonic?

A

endergonic

36
Q

Define an endergonic reaction

A

the reaction doesn’t occur spontaneously
requires energy

37
Q

What do thermodynamic constants, such as delta G^’o show?

A

where the final equilibrium lies

38
Q

How do cells carry out endergonic reactions?

A

coupled to exergonic reactions

39
Q

When Delta G^’o is negative, what is Keq

A

> 1

40
Q

When Delta G^’o is positive, what is Keq?

A

<1

41
Q

When Keq is >1, which way does the reaction proceed?

A

forward

42
Q

When Keq is <1, which way does the reaction proceed?

A

reverse

43
Q

Define energy coupling

A

chemical coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions allowing otherwise unfavorable reactions to occur

44
Q

What does the actual free energy change of a reaction in the cell depend on?

A

standard change in free energy and actual concentrations of products and reactants

45
Q

What is the best way to speed up a reaction?

A

lowering the activation barrier by using catalysts

46
Q

What do enzymes (catalysts) do?

A

lower activation energy and raise reaction rate

47
Q

Define a biochemical pathway

A

series of related enzyme-catalyzed reactions

48
Q

Do catalysts alter Delta G?

A

no

49
Q

How do catalysts affect the activation free energy?

A

lower it

50
Q

Why are pathways controlled?

A

regulate levels of metabolites

Bioc 460 (6 decks)

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