1b Vestibular Systems

Question 1

What are the mechanical sensors of the vestibular system?

Answer 1

Canals and otoliths

Question 2

What is the input signal for the vestibular system?

Answer 2

movement and Gravity

Question 3

What are the outputs of the vestibular system?

Answer 3

ocular reflex
Postural control

Question 4

Where are the utricle and the saccule located?

Answer 4

in the vestibule, joined by a conduit

Question 5

What are the three semi-circular canals on each ear calld?

Answer 5

Anterior, posterior and lateral

Question 6

What do the semicircular canals have on one side and what are they connected to?

Answer 6

They have an ampulla and connected to the utricle

Question 7

What are the two otolith organs?

Answer 7

The utricle and the saccule

Question 8

Where are the hair cells located on otolith organs?

Answer 8

Maculae

Question 9

How are the maculae placed on the saccule?

Answer 9

Vertically

Question 10

How are the maculae placed on the utricle?

Answer 10

horizontally

Question 11

What type of movements do the utricles detect?

Answer 11

horizontal movements

Question 12

What type of movements do the saccule detect>

Answer 12

up and down linear movements

Question 13

What does the maculae contain?

Answer 13

Hair cells, gelatinous matrix and the otoliths

Question 14

What are otoliths?

Answer 14

Carbonate crystals that help the deflection of hair

Question 15

What detects linear movement and tilt?

Answer 15

otolith movement

Question 16

Where are the hair cells of the semi circular canals located?

Answer 16

At the ampulla

Question 17

What does the rest of the vestibular canal contain?

Answer 17

endolymph which is high in potassium

Question 18

What is the crista of the ampulla?

Answer 18

where the hair cells are located

Question 19

What is the cupula?

Answer 19

Structure which surrounds the hair cells of the ampullary crista which helps the hair cell movement

Question 20

Which two planes for a 90 degree angle?

Answer 20

Anterior and posterior

Question 21

What direction do the lateral canals go in?

Answer 21

Horizontal to the other canals

Question 22

What shape are the canals?

Answer 22

Semi-circular

Question 23

What type of acceleration do the semi-circular canals provide information on?

Answer 23

Angular acceleration

Question 24

What causes the hair cells to depolarise?

Answer 24

movement of the lymph generated through movement of the head

Question 25

What happens to the nerve discharge when the hairs move towards the kinocilium?

Answer 25

Generates depolarisation and increase in nerve discharge

Question 26

What happens to the nerve discharge when the hairs move away from the kinocilium?

Answer 26

generates hyperpolarisation and a reduction in nerve discharge

Question 27

Where do the primary afferents of the vestibular nerve end?

Answer 27

IN THE VESTIBULAR NUCLEI IN THE PONS

Question 28

What are the functions of the vestibular system?

Answer 28

Detect and inform about head movements Keep images fixed in the retina during head movements balance

Question 29

What is the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex?

Answer 29

When a quick movement of the head results in the eyes still focusing on the object Keeps images fixed in the retina

Question 30

What is the vestibulo Spinal reflex?

Answer 30

A reflex when the body falls to keep head up

Question 31

What eye movements does the VOR (Vestibular Ocular Reflex) result in?

Answer 31

Eye movement in the opposite direction to head movement but same velocity and amplitude

Question 32

How are vestibular disorders characterised?

Answer 32

by timing and laterality

Question 33

What are the main complaints of Acute and unilateral vestibular disorders?

Answer 33

Imbalance, Dizziness, vertigo and naseua

Question 34

What are the main complains of Slow progression and unilateral (or any bilateral) vestibular disorders?

Answer 34

Imbalance and nausea - no vertigo

Question 35

What is Vestibular neuritis?

Answer 35

inflammation of the vestibular organ

Question 36

what is affected in peripheral vestibular disorders?

Answer 36

vestibular organ and/or 8th cranial nerve

Question 37

What is affected in central vestibular disorders?

Answer 37

CNS (Brainstem/cerebellum)

Question 38

What are some examples of peripheral vestibular disorders?

Answer 38

Vestibular neuritis benign Paroxysmal Positional vertigo meniere's disease

Question 39

What are some examples of central vestibular disorders?

Answer 39

Stroke MS Tumours

Question 40

What is BPPV?

Answer 40

benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo = When the crystal balls become dislodged

Question 41

What are the red flag symptoms for vestibular disorders?

Answer 41

Headache gait problems hyperacute onset hearing Loss Prolonges sympoms

Question 42

What is eye skew?

Answer 42

When you cover one eye, the eye then returns to the normal position as it was not in it before

Question 43

What are acute balance disorders?

Answer 43

Vestibular neuritis stroke

Question 44

What are some examples of intermittent balance disorders?

Answer 44

benign Paroxysmal Positional vertigo

Question 45

What are some examples of recurrent balance disorders?

Answer 45

Migraine Menieres Disease

Question 46

What are some examples of progressive balance disorders?

Answer 46

Schwannoma vestibular Degerative Conditions

Question 47

What is the HINTS test?

Answer 47

Head Impulse test Nystagmus Test of Skew deviation

Question 48

What is the HINTS test used to do?

Answer 48

Differentiate between vestibular neuritis or stroke

Question 49

What is the Dix Hallpike test used to do?

Answer 49

Diagnose benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Question 50

What condition? Sudden intermittent vertigo crisis, felt like the room was spinning When the patient sat down the spinning improved

Answer 50

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo